Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam Review- Semester 1

define anatomy

the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationship to one another.

define physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function.

Beginning with the smallest, what are the levels of structural organization of the human body

1. chemicals (atoms or molecules)

2. cells

3. tissues

4. organs

5. organ systems

6. organisms

define hemtopoesis

the process of creating new blood cells in the body.

The building block of all matter is ______________.

atom

What system transports oxygen and nutrients; contains blood vessels

cardiovascular system

What system is the production of offspring; contains uterus or testis

reproductive system

What system breaks down food; contains the esophagus

digestive system

What system picks up fluid from blood vessels; contains lymph nodes

lymphatic system

What system eliminates nitrogenous wastes; contains ureter

urinary system

What system supplies blood with oxygen and eliminates CO2; contains the lungs

respiratory system

What system protects the entire body; contains sweat and oil glands

integumentary system

What system secretes hormones; contains the pituitary gland

endocrine system

What system responds to internal/external stimuli; contains the brain

nervous system

What system protects/supports the body; contains joints and cartilage

skeletal system

What system allows movement; contains skeletal muscles

muscular system

What are the 6 major life functions of living organisms?

1. responsiveness/irritability

2. digestion

3. metabolism

4. excretion

5. reproduction

6. growth

What are the 5 survival needs of living organisms?

1. nutrients

2. oxygen

3. water

4. normal body temperature

5. atmospheric

define homeostasis

the body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal condition, even though the outside environment is changing

define negative feedbacks

most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback

define positive feedbacks

increases the original disturbance to push the variance farther than its original value.

give examples of negative feedbacks

-body temperature regulation (sweating)

-heart rate

-blood pressure

-breathing rate

-blood levels of glucose, oxygen, CO2, and minerals

give examples of positive feedbacks

-blood clotting

-contractions for child birth

describe the anatomical position

the body is erect with feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing up

directional terms

explains exactly where one body structure is in relation to another.

superior

head; above

inferior

away from the head; below

ventral

front

dorsal

back

medial

toward or at the midline

lateral

away from the midline

intermediate

between a more medial and more lateral structure

proxiaml

close to the origin of the body part/attachment of limb

distal

farther from the origin of the body part/ attachment of limb

superficial

toward/ at the body surface

deep

away from the body/more internal

prone

laying face down

supine

laying face up

abdominal

anterior body trunk inferior to the ribs

acromial

point of shoulder

antebrachial

forearm

antecubital

anterior surface of the elbow

axillary

armpit

brachial

upper arm

buccal

cheek

carpal

wrist

cervical

neck

coxal

hip

crural

front lower leg

deltoid

curve of shoulder

digital

fingers, toes

fibular

lateral part of leg

frontal

forehead

inguinal

area where thigh meets body trunk, groin

mental

chin

oral

mouth

orbital

eye area

patellar

anterior knee cap

pelvic

pelvis

pubic

genital region

sternal

breastbone

tarsal

ankle

thoratic

chest

umbilical

navel

calcaneal

heel of foot

cephalic

head

femoral

thigh

gluteal

buttock

lumbar

area of back between hips/ribs; loin

occipital

posterior surface of head; base of skull

olecranal

posterior surface of elbow

popliteal

posterior knee area

sacral

between hips

scapular

shoulder blade region

sural

posterior surface of leg; calf

vertebral

spinal column

plantar

sole of foot

2 divisions of the dorsal cavity

-what chief organs do they contain

1. cranial: holds brain

2. spinal: contains spinal cord

2 subdivisions of the ventral cavity

-what chief organs do they contain

1. thoratic: heart, lungs

2. abdominal: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen

3. pelvic: reproductive organs, bladder, rectum

body planes

an imaginary line that is cut to divide the body into sections

sagittal

cuts the human body longitudinal (lengthwise) into L and R sections

midsaggital

a sagittal cut down the middle of the human body

transverse

cut along a horizontal plane; cut human body into superior and inferior parts

-aka cross section

frontal plane

cut along lengthwise that cuts the human body into anterior and posterior parts

hypogastric

lower middle quadrant of the abdominal cavity

What are the 4 types of tissues found in the human body?

1. epithelial

2. connective

3. muscle

4. nervous

What is the main function of the epithelial tissue?

lines on the outer covering of thing.

-helps absorb. protect, and secrete

-regenerates if well nourished

-mostly avascular

What is the main function of connective tissue

-examples

ex: bones, fat, blood,

-protects, supports, and binds together other body tissue

identify the 3 types of epithelial membranes and describe their characteristics

1. cutaneous membrane (outer skin)

2. mucous membrane (find in cavities in nose and mouth)

3. serous membrane (membranes around cavities that connect to the outside)

serous membrane

1. parietal layer (lines the cavities of organ)

2. visceral layer (around an organ)

serous fluid

separates the serous membranes

synovial fluid

lubricating fluid around the joints

peritoneum

abdominal cavity

pleura

around the lungs

pericardium

around the heart

identify the the connective membrane and describe their characteristics

1. synovial membrane (lines fibrous capsules around joints)

-secretes a lubricating fluid

What 5 structures make up the integumentary system?

1. skin

2. sweat glands

3. oil glands

4. hair

5. nails

What are the primary functions of the integumentary system?

protection:

-mechanical damage (bumps)

-chemical damage (acids and bases)

-bacterial damage

-UV radiation (sunlight)

-thermal damage

-desiccation (drying out)

What protects the skin from drying out?

keratin

What does the skin synthesis?

vitamin D