MAAC PEDIATRICS: Nutrition Overview

These flashcards cover key concepts in pediatric nutrition, including guidelines for dietary intake, the importance of macronutrients and micronutrients, breastfeeding practices, and feeding recommendations across different life stages.

Nutrition for infants, children, and adolescents should maintain __ and support normal growth and development.

current weight

Growth during infancy is rapid and has the highest __ and nutrient requirements relative to body size.

energy

The major risk period for growth stunting is __ months.

4-24

Nutrition is the combination of processes by which the living organism receives and utilizes materials necessary for __, maintenance, and repair.

growth

Metabolism includes all changes that occur in food from absorption in the alimentary canal until __ by excretory organs.

elimination

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) estimates the daily average nutrient intake that meets the needs of __ of individuals in a population.

97%

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the average daily nutrient intake that meets requirements for __ of the population.

50%

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) provides guidance on nutrient needs for __ and groups across life stages.

individuals

Adequate Intake (AI) is a guideline for individuals based on best available data and __.

scientific consensus

The Upper Limit (UL) is the highest average daily intake with no associated __ effects for almost all individuals in a group.

adverse

Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) average dietary energy intake predicted to maintain __ in a healthy individual.

energy balance

EER equations account for Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) and __ for healthy growth.

Energy Deposition (ED)

For infants, energy requirements are approximately __ adult needs due to higher metabolic rate and tissue growth.

2×

Physical Activity (PA) Level for sedentary boys is __.

1.00

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) express macronutrients as a function of __ intake.

total energy

One gram of fat provides __ kcal.

9

One gram of carbohydrate provides __ kcal.

4

Saturated fats found in animal fats increase __, a risk factor for atherosclerosis.

LDL

Carbohydrates are abundant in __, grains, fruits, and vegetables.

cereals

The glycemic index measures peak blood glucose levels __ after food consumption.

2 hours

Added sugars increase the risk of __, diabetes, and dental caries.

obesity

Dietary fiber reduces __ risk and promotes toxin expulsion.

dysplasia

Micronutrients include vitamins and __ minerals essential for growth and physiological functions.

trace

Breast milk is sufficient in nutrients for infants until __ months, after which complementary foods are required.

4-6

Vitamin D is central to __ and bone metabolism.

calcium

Calcium is key to bone health and is regulated by __ and calcitriol.

PTH

Excess calcium can cause __, which includes symptoms like thirst and muscle weakness.

hypercalcemia

Vitamin K is important for coagulant factors and for __ health.

bone

Iron is a key component of __ and is especially necessary during infancy and childhood.

RBCs

Zinc supports growth and __ function.

immune

Water requirements for infants are generally __ of their body weight.

10-15%

Inadequate water intake can lead to impaired __ and dehydration.

thermoregulation

The recommended intake for vitamin D for children 1-18 years is __ IU/day.

600

Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for at least __ months.

6

Human breast milk is composed of __ water and 10% solids.

90%

The first milk produced after birth is called __ and is high in fat and protein.

colostrum

Oxytocin is responsible for the __ reflex in breastfeeding.

let-down

Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast tissue that can occur in __ women.

lactating

Children aged 1-3 years typically exhibit erratic eating behaviors and may prefer a __ variety of foods temporarily.

limited

At 12-15 months, the child should transition to drinking from a __.

cup

Toddlers and preschoolers often fail to meet __ intake and might have high added sugar consumption.

fiber

Vegetables should be served first to encourage positive __ habits in young children.

eating

MyPlate serves as a visual guide for food groups and emphasizes the importance of __ in a child's diet.

variety

The introduction of formula may be indicated due to maternal or infant __.

contraindications

Cow's milk should not be introduced before the age of __ months.

12

Children who are not breastfeeding are generally encouraged to drink __ milk starting at 12 months.

whole

Plant-based milk alternatives should be avoided for infants due to low __ content.

protein

Breastfeeding provides __ benefits, including protection from infections and better nutrition.

neurodevelopmental

Growth patterns should be monitored using __ for toddlers.

growth charts

Breast milk jaundice results from persistently high indirect __ in healthy infants.

bilirubin

The first feeding technique to teach new mothers is to ensure proper __ and attachment.

positioning

Feeding principles for complementary foods emphasize energy density greater than __ milk.

breast

The risk of childhood obesity can increase with overconsumption of energy-dense complementary __.

foods

Signs of inadequate milk intake may include lethargy and __ loss.

weight

Milk should remain the main beverage for children until at least __ months.

12

Self-feeding and interactive feeding with family typically starts to develop at __ months.

2 years

The FDA defines __ as low-fat milk options for healthy children starting over the age of 2.

1% milk

Beware of choking hazards, such as hard candies and __ for toddlers.

nuts

Physical activity recommendations include at least __ minutes of activity per day for children.

60

Encourage children to eat __ meals being supervised to promote better eating habits.

family

Parents should monitor hydration in special conditions like __ insipidus.

diabetes

Avoid sweetened beverages to prevent excessive __ intake in children.

sugar

Infants typically require __ mL of formula per kilogram in the first 3 months.

140-200

Solid foods introduced before __ months can lead to inadequate nutrient intake from milk.

6

Effective breastfeeding can help reduce the risk of __ in infants, which negatively affects growth.

anemia

Undernourished children often show signs of __ and impaired immune function.

stunting

The nutrients in human milk are more bioavailable than those in __.

formula

Exclusive breastfeeding provides key nutrients and supports optimal __ development.

brain

Iron-rich complementary foods should be introduced around __ months.

6

Breastfeeding should continue until at least __ years for optimal health benefits.

2

Monitoring a toddler's weight and growth can prevent deficiencies and __ issues later.

health

Effective feeding practices help in navigating __ feeding challenges.

toddler

The Early breastfeeding jaundice occurs during the __ week of life due to low intake.

1st

Infants should be encouraged to feed frequently to prevent __ after birth.

dehydration

The benefits of breastfeeding include lower risks of childhood __ and various diseases.

obesity

Regular family meals are linked to better __ outcomes for children.

dietary

Physical activity in children promotes healthy __ and develops motor skills.

development

Nutritional counseling using MyPlate can aid in optimizing children's __ patterns.

eating

Altering feeding techniques can help in managing common breastfeeding __.

problems

Providing education on breastfeeding enhances maternal __ and success rates.

support

Encouraging gradual introduction of foods helps an infant's digestive __ adjust.

system

Pediatricians emphasize the importance of balanced diets across home, school, and __ environments.

social

Overweight and obesity in childhood often leads to increased risk of __ later in life.

chronic conditions

Infants have a higher body water content, making them more prone to __ than adults.

dehydration

Recommendation for hydration includes monitoring dehydration signs like decreased __ output.

urine