Foot, Ankle, Lower Limb OIAN

Adductor digiti minimi

O: Lateral process of calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis

I: Proximal phalanx of 5th toe

A: Flex the 5th toe, Assist to abduct the 5th toe

N: Tibial S1, S2

VS: Lateral plantar artery

Abductor hallucis

O: Medial process of calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis

I: Proximal phalanx of 1st toe and medial sesamoid bone

A: Abduct the first toe, Assist to flex the first toe

N: Tibial L4, L5, S1

VS: Posterior tibial artery

Adductor hallucis

O: Oblique head: bases of 2-4 metatarsals,Transverse head: plantar ligament of 3-5 metatarsophalangeal joints

I: Lateral surface of base of proximal phalanx of first toe

A: Adduct the first toe, Assist to maintain transverse arch of foot, Assist to flex the first toe

N: Tibial S1, S2

VS: Medial plantar artery

Dorsal interossei

O: Adjacent surfaces of all metatarsals

I: 1st: medial surface of proximal phalanx of 2nd toe, 2nd-4th: lateral surfaces of proximal phalanges of 2nd-4th toes

A: Extend the 2-4th toes

N: Deep peroneal L4, L5, S1

Extensor digitorum brevis

O: Dorsal surface of calcaneus

I: 2-4th toes via the extensor digitorum longus tendons

A: Extend the 2-4th toes

N: Deep peroneal L4, L5, S1

Extensor hallucis brevis

O: Dorsal surface of calcaneus

I: Proximal phalanx of the first toe

A: Extends the first toe

N: Deep peroneal L4, L5, S1

VS: Dorsal pedis artery

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

O: Base of 5th metatarsal
I: Base of proximal phalanx of fifth toe

A: Flex the fifth toe

N: Tibial S1, S2

VS: Arcuate, lateral tarsal, lateral plantar arteries

Flexor digitorum brevis

O: Medial process of calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis

I: Middle phalanges of 2-5th toes

A: Flex the middle phalanges of the 2-5th toes

N: Tibial L4, L5, S1

VS: Medial and lateral plantar arteries

Lumbricals

O: Tendons of flexor digitorum longus

I: Bases of proximal phalanges of 2-5th toes and extensor digitorum longus tendon

A: Flex the proximal phalanges of 2-5th toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints, Extend the middle and distal phalanges of the 2-5th toes at the interphalangeal joints

N: First: Tibial L4, L5, S1, 2-4th: Tibial L4, L5, S1, S2

VS: Lateral plantar and plantar metatarsal arteries

Plantar interossei

O: Medial surfaces of 3-5th metatarsals

I: Medial surfaces of proximal phalanges of 3-5th toes

A: Adduct and Flex the 3-5th toes

N: Tibial S1, S2

VS: Plantar metatarsal aterties

Quadratus plantae

O: Medial and lateral sides of plantar surface of calcaneus

I: Posterior, lateral aspect of flexor digitorum longus tendon

A: Assist flexor digitorum longus to flex 2-5th toes

N: Tibial S1, S2

VS: Medial plantar, lateral plantar, deep plantar, arterial arch

Extensor digitorum longus

O: Lateral condyle of tibia; proximal, anterior shaft of fibula, and interosseous membrane

I: Middle and distal phalanges of the 2-5th toes

A: Extend the 2-5th toes, Dorsiflex the ankle, Evert the foot

N: Peroneal L4, L5, S1

VS: Anterior tibial, anterior lateral malleolar, lateral tarsal, metatarsal, plantar, digital arteries

Extensor hallucis longus

O: Middle anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane

I: Distal phalanx of first toe

A: Extend the first toe, Dorsiflex the ankle, Invert the foot

N: Deep peroneal L4, L5, S1

VS: Anterior tibial artery

Fibularis brevis

O: Distal 2/3 of the lateral surface of fibula

I: Plantar base of the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform

A: Everts the foot, weakly plantar flexes the foot at the ankle

N: Superficial fibular nerve L5, S1

VS: Anterior tibial artery

Fibularis longus

O: Head of superior 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula

I: Plantar base of the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform

A: Everts the foot, Weakly plantar flexes the foot at the ankle

N: Superficial fibular nerve L5-S2

VS: Fibular artery

Fibularis tertius

O: Inferior 2/3 of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane

I: Dorsum of base of fifth metatarsal

A: Dorsiflexes foot at ankle, Eversion of foot

N: Deep fibular nerve L5-S1

VS: Anterior lateral malleolar, lateral tarsal, metatarsal, lateral plantar, arcuate, fourth dorsal metatarsal arteries

Flexor digitorum longus

O: Middle, posterior surface of tibia

I: Distal phalanges of 2-5th toes

A: Flex the 2-5th toes, Weak plantar flexion of ankle, Inversion of the foot

N: Tibial L5, S1, S2

VS: Posterior tibial artery

Flexor hallucis longus

O: Middle half of posterior fibula

I: Distal phalanx of first toe

A: Flex the first toe; weak plantar flexion of the ankle; inversion of the foot

N: Tibial L5, S1, S2

VS: Posterior tibial and fibular artery

Gastrocnemius

O: Condyles of femur, posterior surfaces

I: Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

A: Flex the knee, plantarflex the ankle

N: Tibial S1, S2

Plantaris

O: Lateral supracondylar line of femur

I: Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

A: Weak plantar flexion of the ankle, Weak flexion of the knee

N: Tibial L4, L5, S1, S2

VS: Superficial: lateral sural and popliteal arteries; Deep: superior lateral genicular artery

Popliteus

O: Lateral condyle of the femur

I: Proximal posterior aspect of tibia

A: Medially rotate the flexed knee, flex the knee

N: Tibial L4, L5, S1

VS: Inferior medial and lateral genicular, posterior tibial recurrent, posterior tibial artery, nutrient artery of fibula

Soleus

O: Soleal line; proximal, posterior surface of tibia and posterior aspect of head of fibula

I: Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

A: Plantar flex the ankle

N: Tibial L5, S1, S2

VS: Posterior tibial artery and vein

Tibialis Anterior

O: Lateral condyle of the tibia; proximal, lateral surface of the tibia and interosseous membrane

I: Medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal

A: Invert the foot, Dorsiflex the ankle

N: Deep peroneal L4, L5, S1

VS: Anterior tibial artery; anterior and medial muscular branches; anterior tibial recurrent, dorsalis pedis and anterior medial malleolar arteries. Posterior tibial artery; medial malleolar and calcaneal arteries

Tibialis posterior

O: Proximal, posterior shafts of the tibia and fibula; interosseous membrane

I: All 5 bones and bases of the 2-4th metatarsals

A: Invert the foot, plantarflex the ankle

N: Tibial L4, L5, S1

VS: Posterior tibial artery

Flexor hallucis brevis

O: Lateral head: plantar surface of the cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones; medial head: extension of the tibialis posterior head

I: Base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe via medial and lateral tendons containing sesamoid bones

A: Flex the great toe at the MTP joint

N: Medial plantar nerve S1, S2, S3

VS: Medial plantar and first plantar metatarsal artery