Art Appreciation and Principles of Design

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the etymology, classifications, artists, techniques, and historical wonders of art and architecture as presented in the lecture notes.

Ars

A Latin term which means skill, talent or ability, from which the word 'Art' is derived.

Art

The expression of creative skill and imagination, and one of the fields of humanities providing enhancement of individual human potential.

Personal Function of Art

When an artist creates a piece out of a need for self-expression, gratification, or to communicate a thought to the viewer.

Social Function of Art

When art addresses aspects of collective life as opposed to one person's point of view, often influencing or relating to viewers.

Physical Function of Art

Works of art created to perform a service, such as a Fijian war club designed for smashing skulls.

Verbal Art

Classifications of art including literature (prose or poetry) and oratory (public speaking).

Non-Verbal Art

Classifications of art including architecture, fashion, design, weaving, ceramics, and photography.

Mixed Art

Classifications of art including theater, drama, opera, cinema, and performing arts like singing and dancing.

Applied Art

The application of artistic design to utilitarian objects in everyday use, such as architecture, textiles, or furniture.

Fine Art

Works that have no function other than providing aesthetic or intellectual stimulation, such as drawing, painting, and sculpture.

Subject

The image in an art piece that can be easily identified by the viewer.

Representational Art

Artworks that appear very much like how people see them in reality.

Non-Representational Art

Compositions that do not rely on representation or mimesis and indicate a departure from reality.

Form (Work of Art)

The overall organization of an artwork resulting from the arrangement of elements according to aesthetic principles.

Content

The emotional and intellectual messages, statements, moods, or interpretations developed by an artist through an artwork.

Artist

A person who creates art to elicit an overall reaction from a viewer, often starting with sketches and pencils.

Artisan

Craftsmen who produce practical artistic products like earrings, urns, and stained glass.

Two-Dimensional Art

Art that has mathematical dimensions of width and height and is bound within a frame.

Painting

The process of applying colors to surfaces using tools like paint brushes, painting knives, or rollers.

Watercolor

Paper-based painting using water-based solutions to mix colors.

Fresco

A technique where paint is applied so it dries into the plaster, becoming an integral part of the wall.

Tempera

A painting medium where minerals are mixed with egg yolk or egg white and ore.

Pastel

Sticks of dried paste made of pigment ground with chalk and gum water, providing richness but difficult vibrance maintenance.

Encaustic

Art created by applying wax colors with fixed heat.

Oil Painting

Consists of pigments mixed with linseed oil; it is the heaviest medium, dries slowly, and appears glossy.

Acrylic

Synthetic paint mixed with acrylic emulsion as a binder; it is fast-drying and becomes water-resistant when complete.

Easel Painting

A painting executed on a portable support like a panel or canvas rather than a wall.

Mural Painting

A painting executed directly on a large wall.

Relief

A painting technique where images are raised on the surface.

Sandro Botticelli

An Italian painter of the Early Renaissance from Florence; works include 'The Birth of Venus' and 'Fortitude'.

Leonardo Da Vinci

The epitome of a Renaissance man skilled in science, math, and music; famous for 'The Last Supper' and 'Mona Lisa'.

Raphael Sanzio

High Renaissance architect and painter noted for perfection and grace; his works include 'School of Athens'.

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Italian Renaissance artist who created the Sistine Chapel ceiling and 'David'.

Fernando Amorsolo

The 'Grand Old Man of Philippine Art' and the first National Artist ($1972$); known for rural landscapes.

Carlos 'Botong' Francisco

National Artist for Visual Arts ($1973$) known for painting fisherfolks and murals at Manila City Hall.

Juan Luna

Filipino painter and activist who won a gold medal in $1884$ for the 'Spoliarium'.

Three-Dimensional Art

Art distinguished by actual depth, allowing it to be viewed from different angles; also called plastic arts.

Architecture

The art of designing and constructing buildings.

Post-lintel system

An architectural technique using two vertical supports and one horizontal beam, exemplified by Stonehenge.

Great Wall of China

Built by the Qin and Ming dynasties, stretching through North China.

Chichen Itza

A Mayan city in Mexico featuring $365$ steps representing the solar year.

Petra

An archaeological site in Jordan known as the 'Rose City'.

Machu Picchu

Inca achievement located where the Peruvian Andes converge with the Amazon Basin.

Christ the Redeemer

An Art Deco statue on Mount Corcovado weighing $635$ tons, designed by Heitor da Silva Costa.

Colosseum

An ancient Roman amphitheater used for gladiatorial contests and public executions.

Taj Mahal

A marble mausoleum in Agra, India, built by Shah Jahan for Mumtaz Mahal between $1632$ and $1653$.

Angkor Wat

Located in Cambodia, it is the eighth Wonder of the World.

Juan Nakpil

The 'Father of Philippine Architecture' and the first National Artist for architecture ($1973$).

Leandro Locsin

Architect of the Cultural Center of the Philippines ($CCP$) and the Philippine International Convention Center ($PICC$).

Carving

A sculpture process of cutting away parts of a block of wood, stone, or other materials.

Modeling

A sculpture process of adding material to build up a form or filling out a framework.

Casting

Creating a form by pouring liquid material into a plaster mold.

Assemblage

A technique where an artist joins varied materials to create a new form and meaning.

Guillermo Estrella Tolentino

The 'Father of Philippine Sculpture' and creator of the 'Oblation' and 'Bonifacio Monument'.

Napoleon Abueva

The 'Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture' who created 'Judas' Kiss'.

T'nalak

Colored fabric created by the T'boli tribe in South Cotabato.

Pis-yabit

A prized handwoven head covering cloth of the Tausugs of Sulu.

Ikat

An Ifugao weaving style using a resist dyeing process on threads before weaving.

Dagmay

Handwoven Mandaya textile made from abaca using a mud-dyeing technique.

Inaul

A unique fabric woven by Maguindanaon women in Mindanao.

Banig

Mat produced in Basey, Samar, featuring unique geometrical designs.

Puso

A Cebuano method of food preparation involving rice in a woven pouch, showing ingenuity and craftsmanship.

Photography

Technique of capturing optical images; the first camera was the daguerreotype, and the first colored camera was Kodachrome.

Integrity

A philosophical theme in art referring to faithfulness to one's principles.

Proportion (Consonance)

Implies balance or consistency of elements emphasized for effect.

Radiance (Clarity)

The impact or meaning an artwork has upon the observer.

Line

An identifiable path created by a point moving in space; it is one-dimensional.

Vertical Lines

Lines suggesting height, strength, dignity, and posture.

Horizontal Lines

Lines suggesting width, distance, calmness, and stability.

Diagonal Lines

Lines suggesting action and a lack of stability.

Zigzag Lines

Lines suggesting excitement, fear, anxiety, or restlessness.

Curved Lines

Lines suggesting comfort, ease, and the sensual quality of the body.

Shape

Defined by lines and having two dimensions: height and width.

Geometric Form

Shapes with mathematical bases and accurate measurements.

Free Form

Irregular structures characterized by combinations of curves and angles.

Positive Space

The subject or areas of interest in an artwork.

Negative Space

The background or area surrounding the subject of a work.

Value (Chiaroscuro)

The lightness or darkness of a color.

Tinting

Achieving lighter values by adding white color.

Shading

Achieving dark values by adding black color.

Hue

The specific name of a color.

Intensity

The brightness or darkness of a color.

Primary Colors

The set of colors consisting of blue, red, and yellow.

Secondary Colors

Colors created by mixing primary colors: green, orange, and violet.

Monochromatic Colors

A color scheme using different shades of only one color.

Complementary Colors

Colors opposite each other on the color wheel that create the strongest contrast.

Analogous Colors

Colors very similar to each other that are next to one another on a color wheel.

Harmony

Produces an impression of unity through the arrangement of consistent objects or ideas.

Rhythm

Indicates movement through the careful placement of repeated elements to cause a visual beat.

Balance

Combining elements to add equilibrium; can be formal (symmetrical), informal (asymmetrical), or radial.

Emphasis

Carrying the eye from the center of interest to subordinate parts of a composition.

Variety

Concerned with diversity or contrast through different shapes, sizes, or colors.

Unity

The principle that art is perceived as the sum of its parts, where elements must unite to be meaningful.

Great Pyramid of Giza

Built in $2570$ B.C. for Pharaoh Khufu; the only surviving ancient wonder.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Built in $600$ BC by King Nebuchadrezzar II; destroyed by earthquake in $226$ BC.

Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

Built in $550$ BC and destroyed by fire in $356$ BC; housed a famous statue of Artemis.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia

An ivory and cedarwood statue created by Phidias around $430$ BC.

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

A tomb built in $352$ BC for the governor Mausolus.

Colossus of Rhodes

A colossal statue of the sun god Helios built in $282$ BC.

Lighthouse of Alexandria

Located on the island of Pharos; built in $280$ BC and destroyed by earthquake in $1323$ AD.