HSA midterm GENERAL terminology

Process

a bony prominence

Eminence

a bony projection; usually not as prominent as a process

Spine (synonymous with spinous process)

a longer, thinner, sharper process than an eminence

Tuberosity

a large, usually roughened eminence of variable shape; often a site of tendon or ligament attachment

Tubercle

a small, usually roughened eminence; often a site of tendon or ligament attachment

Trochanter

one of two large, prominent, blunt, rugose processes found only on the femur

Malleolus

a rounded protuberance adjacent to the ankle joint

Boss

a smooth, round, broad eminence

Articulation

an area where adjacent bones are in contact at a joint

Condyle

a rounded articular process

Epicondyle

a nonarticular projection adjacent to a condyle

Head

a large, rounded, usually articular end of a bone

Shaft/Diaphysis

the long, straight section between the ends of a long bone

Neck

the section of a bone between the head and the shaft

Torus

a bony thickening

Ridge

a linear bony elevation, often roughened

Crest

a prominent, usually sharp and thin ridge of bone; often formed between adjacent muscle masses

Line

a raised linear surface, not as thick as a torus or as sharp as a crest

Hamulus

a hook-shaped projection

Facet

a small articular surface on a bone, or a tooth-to-tooth contact

Ramus

a branch

Fossa

a depressed area; usually broad and shallow

Fovea

a pit-like, depressed area; usually smaller than a fossa

Groove

a long pit or furrow

Sulcus

a long, wide groove

Fontanelle

a space between cranial bones of an infant

Suture

where adjacent bones of the skull articulate

Foramen

an opening through a bone, usually a passage for blood vessels and nerves

Canal

a tunnel-like passage, usually extending from a foramen

Canaliculus

a very small passage or duct

Meatus

a short, wide canal

Alveolus

a tooth socket

Superior

Toward the head

Inferior

away from the head

Anterior

toward the front of the body

Posterior

toward the back of the body

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

nearest the axial skeleton

Distal

farthest from the axial skeleton

External

outer; closer to the surface

Internal

inner

Endocranial

inner surface of the cranial vault

Ectocranial

Outer surface of the cranial vault

Superficial

closer to the surface

Deep

Farther from the surface

Subcutaneous

just below the skin

Palmar

palm side of the hand

Plantar

sole of the foot

Dorsal

top of foot or back of hand

Flexion

Generally, a bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts

Extension

straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts

Abduction

movement of a body part (usually a limb) away from the sagittal plane

Adduction

movement of a body part toward the sagittal plane

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb

Rotation

motion that occurs as one body part turns on an axis

Opposition

motion in which body parts are brought together

Pronation

rotary motion of the forearm that turns the palm from anteriorly facing to posteriorly facing

Supination

rotary motion of the forearm that returns the palm to a position in which the thumb is lateral

Dorsiflexion

flexion of the anterior portion of the foot away from the ground

Plantarflexion/Volarflexion

flexing of the anterior portion of the foot inferiorly, toward the ground at the ankle

Eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward (laterally)

Inversion

turning the sole of the foot inward so that it faces the midline of the body

appendicular skeleton

limbs, pelvis, scapula, hands, feet, clavicle

axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, ribs

sesamoid bones

inside tendons

irregular bones

facial skeleton, vertebrate, carpals, tarsals

diaphysis

first center of ossification

metaphysis

area of bone growth

apophysis

tertiary center of ossification - ligament/muscle attachment

epiphysis

proximal and distal secondary centers of ossification

skull

full skull

cranium

skull WITHOUT manible

splanchnocranium

lower face part of skull

neurocranium

braincase

flat bones

not flat

form walls of cavities

prolifically cancellous

tendon

attaches muscle to bone

ligament

attaches bone to bone

attaches bone to cartilage

aponeurosis

hand muscle connection thick connective tissue

fascia

regular connective tissue encases muscles, large vessels, and nerves like plastic wrap

hyaline cartilage

a type of articular cartilage on attachment/joint surfaces- smooth, strong, elastic

periosteum

wax like membrane on external bone surface

• highly vascularized

• osteogenic

endosteum/endosteal envelope

cellular membrane on inside of bone

medullary cavity

where bone marrow resides

bone marrow

• red and yellow

• creates red, white, and platets

• cell production

• fat storage

• calcium reservoir

epiphyseal line

cartilaginous growth plate

separates where metaphysis ends and epiphysis starts

elastic connective tissue

vocal cords

function of irregular connective tissue

encapsulates organs, vessels, bones, and muscle

types of irregular connective tissue

bone, ligament, tendons, aponeurosis, fasica

osteology

the study of human bones and their structure and function

osteogenic

formation of bone-

if bone assaulted, periosteum can proote osteogenic reaction

bone growth, “bone bruise”

Havers-Halber oscillation (HHO)

bone laid down in biorhythm in increments of mineralized bone tissue

Hydroxyapatite

Inorganic part of bone 60%

• hydroxyapatite crystals expand shperically within the osteoid forming bone nodules

• bone nodules fuse and form woven bone

Osteon

• structural unit of compact bone

• haversian systems are osteons

canaliculi

fluid filled channels for communication between osteocytes + give nutrition

Lacuna/Lacunae

cavity in compact bone where osteocytes reside

Volkmanns canals

create network to supply osteocytes within haversian systems

osteoid

organic component of bone

• collagen and water suspended in intercellular matrix

• mainly organic tensile type 1 collagen fibers

• water = 15%

Plexiform bone

bone in mammals between lamellar and woven

• fibrolamellar bone

• primary bone tissue of long bones