Biology Module 5 – Cells and Their Organelles

A set of question-and-answer flashcards reviewing Cell Theory, characteristics of life, and the roles of major cell organelles from Biology Module 5.

What does the first part of the Cell Theory state?

All living things (organisms) are made of one or more cells.

What does the second part of the Cell Theory state?

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

What does the third part of the Cell Theory state?

All cells arise from preexisting cells.

Which four major characteristics define living things according to this module?

Obtain and use energy, respond to the environment, grow and develop, and reproduce.

Why are cells considered fundamental to the characteristics of all living things?

Because every life function—energy use, response, growth, development, and reproduction—depends on the structure and function of cells.

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

It regulates what enters and leaves the cell and provides protection and support.

What is the main role of the cell wall?

To provide rigid structural support and protection outside the cell membrane of plants, fungi, and some bacteria.

What does the nucleus do inside a eukaryotic cell?

It stores genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell’s activities.

What is cytoplasm and what is its function?

A jelly-like fluid that fills the cell, suspends organelles, and is the site of many metabolic reactions.

What is the function of mitochondria?

They produce ATP energy for the cell through cellular respiration.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

They carry out photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy (glucose) in plant cells.

What role do ribosomes play in the cell?

They synthesize proteins by linking amino acids according to mRNA instructions.

How does the endoplasmic reticulum contribute to cell function?

Rough ER modifies and transports proteins, while smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances.

What is the job of the Golgi apparatus?

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell.

What do vacuoles do in cells?

They store water, nutrients, and waste products; in plants, the central vacuole also maintains turgor pressure.

What is the purpose of lysosomes?

They contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials, food particles, and old organelles.

How can the function of mitochondria serve as a lesson in resilience?

Just as mitochondria generate energy to meet cellular demands, seeking support and resources can help a person overcome stress and accomplish goals.