PSY 251 all lectures

Knock out animals

Knock out animals

animals that have genetic modifications and typically used in experiments

In vivo

includes experiments performed on or in a living organism

LD50

the amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test population

Ex vivo

includes experiments performed on the part of a living organism that was removed and kept living in a lab

In vitro

within a glass, observable within a test tube

HeLa cells

human epithelial cells of a strain maintained in tissue culture since 1951 and used in research, especially in virology.

In silico

Research performed/modeled on a computer

afferent neuron

Neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery.

efferent neuron

Neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands.

frontal bone of skull

forehead bone; protects cranium

parietal bone of skull

resembles a sandwich of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone

sphenoid bone of skull

forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit

temporal bone of skull

bone that forms parts of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial activity. There is a right and left temporal bone.

occipital bone of skull

a cranial dermal bone, and is the main bone of the back and lower part of the skull

ethmoid bone

forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium

dura matter

The tough outer layer that is closest to the skull; contains large blood vessels

meninges

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

arachnoid matter

The middle layer that is a web-like, fibrous structure; contains smaller blood vessels

subarachnoid space

Cerebral spinal fluid filled space; provides cushion and nutrients for the brain; contains smaller blood vessels

pia matter

The delicate inner layer that firmly adheres to the brain; contains capillaries that nourish the brain

cerebral spinal fluid

provides support and cushioning for the neuronal fibers running through the spinal cord

ventricles of the brain

canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

central canal in spinal cord

center of spinal cord which contains cerebrospinal fluid

the blood brain barrier

a filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances.

anterior

front

posterior

back

ventral

bottom (belly)

dorsal

top

lateral

outside

medial

inside

sagittal section

Divides specimen into left and right portions. Halving a sandwich

Coronal section

Divides specimen into posterior and anterior. Slicing a loaf of bread

Horizontal section

Divides specimen into top and bottom. Slicing a bagel

white matter

Whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths.

grey matter

The portions of the central nervous system that are abundant in cell bodies of neurons rather than axons. Unmyelinated.

myelencephalon (medulla)

the posterior part of the hindbrain, continuous with the spinal cord

cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

pons

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

tectum

a part of the midbrain that orients an organism in the environment

tegmentum

a part of the midbrain that is involved in movement and arousal

thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

gyrus

A ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface (hills)

sulcus

narrow groove in a convoluted brain surface (valleys)

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

amygdala

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.

Limbic system

The Four F's: Fighting, Fleeing, Feeding, and... mating. Includes hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mammillary bodies, cingulate cortex, and septum

dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

cell body

Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm

axon

A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

terminal/button

axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles

nucleus

stores genetic information

endoplasmic reticulum

A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.

golgi bodies

organelles that package cellular materials and transport them within the cell or out of the cell

Microtubules

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.

astrocytes

Form blood brain barrier

oligodendrocytes

Type of glial cell in the CNS that wrap axons in a myelin sheath.

Schwann cells

Supporting cells of the peripheral nervous system responsible for the formation of myelin.

optic nerve

vision

oculomotor nerve

eye movement

trochlear nerve

eye movement

trigeminal nerve

tactile and pain sensory information from face and mouth

abducens nerve

eye movement

facial nerve

controls muscles of facial expression

vestibulocochlear nerve

hearing and balance

Glossopharyngeal nerve

detection of of somatic sensory in the middle ear and 1/3 of the tongue. allows swallowing

vagus nerve

innervates digestive organs, heart and other areas

accessory nerve

motor fibers to neck and upper back

hypoglossal nerve

tongue movement

dorsal root

the sensory afferent fibers of each spinal nerve

telencephalon

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

basal ganglia

◦ Controls motivation, motion/movement, executive function ◦Includes amygdala, striatum, and the globus pallidum

microtubules

◦ Axons are long, so we need highways to move proteins rapidly

◦ Vesicles move down these via motor proteins (kinesin and dynein)

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann Cells (PNS)

Myelination (fast conduction)

radial glia

Scaffolding and support

microglia

Immune function and signaling

olfactory cranial nerve

smell

oculomotor cranial nerve

eye movement and pupil reflex

trigeminal

face sensation and chewing

facial cranial nerve

face movement and taste

glossopharyngeal cranial nerve

throat sensation, taste and swallowing

accessory cranial nerve

neck movement

optic cranial nerve

vision

trochlear cranial nerve

eye movement

abducens cranial nerve

eye movement

vestibulocochlear cranial nerve

hearing and balance

vagus cranial nerve

movement, sensation and abdominal organs

hypoglossal cranial nerve

movement, sensation and abdominal organs

Only One Of The Two Athletes Felt Very Good, Victorious, And Healthy

olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

Some say marry money, but my brother says big brains matter most

(s) olfactory, (s) optic, (m) oculomotor, (m) trochlear, (b) trigeminal, (m) abducens, (b) facial, (s) vestibulocochlear, (b) glossopharyngeal, (b) vagus, (m) accessory, (m) hypoglossal

ventral root

motor efferent fibers

typical resting membrane potential

-70 mV

Hodgkin and Huxley

first to record membrane potential

ion channels

span the lipid bilayer of neuronal membranes

Concentration gradient

When an element is in high concentration in one place, it tends to move to an area of lower concentration

Electrostatic pressure

When charge of one kind (ie. positive) accumulates in one place it tends to move away to an area of different (ie. more negative) charge

Very small amount of sodium _______ the cell at rest

enters

Very small amount of potassium ______ the cell at -70mV

leaves

Exchanges _ Na for _ K

3, 2