HUMANBIOLOGY_CHAPERNINE

What type of reproduction produces offspring that are identical to the parent (except for mutations)?

Asexual

A chromosome is a(n)

single molecule of DNA and its associated proteins

A diploid cell is indicated by what abbreviation?

2n

Haploid sex cells called ______ combine to form new offspring.

gametes

In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate, whereas in meiosis II, ______.

sister chromatids separate

In eukaryotes, a molecule of genetic material and its associated proteins form a ______ , of which humans have 46 in each cell.

chromosome

A ______ cell contains two sets of chromosomes, one set of chromosomes inherited from each parent.

diploid

The special haploid cells required for sexual reproduction are called ______. 

gametes

Crossing over, random orientation of chromosomes, and random fertilization are mechanisms involved in meiosis and sexual reproduction that generate _____ diversity.

genetic

How many rounds of cell division occur in meiosis?

2

Crossing over is the process in which ______.

homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material

The chromosomes of offspring are not identical to those of their parents or siblings because ______ is shuffled during meiosis.

genetic information

What results in a random mixture of paternal and maternal genetic material in each daughter cell during meiosis?

Random orientation of chromosome pairs during metaphase I

A cell in which homologous chromosomes arrange in pairs along the equator of the cell is in what stage of cell division?

meiosis I

If an animal has 6 chromosome pairs in its cells, then 64 combinations of chromatids are possible for a gamete. If both male and female gametes have 64 possible chromosome combinations, how many genetically unique zygotes could be produced due to random fertilization? (Assume crossing over does not occur.)

About 4,000

Dividing cells that contain only one chromosome from each homologous pair aligned at the equator of the cell must be undergoing ______.

meiosis II

Crossing over only occurs in ______. 

prophase I of meiosis

Short segments of DNA are exchanged between homologous chromosomes during prophase I in a process called _____ over.

crossing

A process called ______ is an error in meiosis in which chromosomes fail to separate and a gamete with too many or too few copies of a particular chromosome can be produced.

nondisjunction

This image shows two ways that ______ during meiosis I to generate different combinations of chromatids in resulting gametes.

chromosomes can arrange

In sexual reproduction, exactly what egg cell matures and what sperm cell fertilizes the egg is ______.

random and results in genetic variability

A ______ cell has at least one extra set of chromosomes.

polyploid

What occurs during meiosis but not mitosis?

pairing of homologous chromosomes

What occurs when chromosomes do not separate during meiotic divisions?

Nondisjunction

What results in a random mixture of paternal and maternal genetic material in each daughter cell during meiosis?

Random orientation of chromosome pairs during metaphase I

What is a cell with a complete extra set of chromosomes called?

polyploid

Because the orientation of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I is ______, the cells produced at the end of meiosis inherit ______ of maternal and paternal chromosomes.

random; different combinations