cell division/epigenetics

Cells will not divide if there is ——, Surgery on kids won’t happen until optimal nutrition because they won’t heal properly if not 

inadequate nutrition

Mitotic cell growth in which the tissue or organ increases in size by increasing the number of cells within it, More common among the cells of tissues that are exposed to environmental changes that result in damage or cell death (like skin cells), ex: liver regeneration, menstruation, skin abrasion

hyperplasia

The expansion of the size of each individual cell rather than by generating new cells to increase the number of cells (muscle and cardiac cells), ex: pregnant uterus (with hyperplasia)

hypertrophy

promoter cells - regulate cell cycle, Only become cancerous when suppressor genes fail to keep in check

oncogenes

differentiated functions, small nucleus to cytoplasmic ration, nonmigratory, euploid cells, gametes are haploid cells (no pairs only 23)

normal cells

(cells tightly adherent) - keeps them from dividing and migrating - normal cells are nonmigratory because they stay where they are needed for their specific function

CAM

mutation in these will mean increased likelihood of breast cancer

BRCA 1/2

hyperplasia and hypertrophy of fat cells

obesity

include Rb, Tp53 (tumor protein), DCC, APC, BRCA 1/2, NF-1/2 - Limiting/inhibiting expression of oncogenes, Inducing apoptosis when needed, mutations in these genes will cause uninhibited cell division

suppressor genes

Method of communication that allows events, conditions, and substances outside of the cell (interacting with the cell’s membrane) to influence the cell’s decisions

signal transduction

Rapid, continuous cell division, Anaplastic morphology (all small and round), Larger nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio, No differentiated functions, Loosely adherent, Able to migrate, Euploid (only feature in common with mature differentiated normal cells)

early embryonic cells

early embryo at the —- stage with 32 undifferentiated pluripotent cells that are anaplastic with a large nucleus

blastocyst

At—- after conception, early embryonic cells each commit to a differentiation pathway, Pluripotency is lost, Cells begin to position themselves within the embryo in areas that will eventually become specific organs or tissues, Suppressor gene activity increases, Oncogene activity becomes more regulated, Variable gene expression occurs in different cells to allow cellular differentiation

day 8

most dangerous period for birth defect is from day 15-60 by exposure to teratogens

embryonic stage

Process of reducing the chromosome number from 2N to 1N in ova and mature sperm, Necessary for fertilization to result in a 2N zygote, Requires one round of DNA replication followed by two meiotic cell divisions

gametogenesis

Begins at puberty and continues until death, Occurs in the seminiferous tubules, Total process to mature sperm: 8 to 10 weeks, One spermatogonium results in four mature sperm

spermatogenesis

One —- results in one mature ovum capable of being fertilized - has 3 polar bodies attached to the mature ovum

oogonium

the end result of meiosis I is two —-that are each haploid chromosomes and diploid for DNA content

pregametes

meiosis II does not involve any additional —— of DNA or chromosomes

replication

feature of normal cells prevents overgrowth when wound healing is complete, (density-dependent inhibition) stops cell division when cells are in close contact with each other, preventing excessive tissue growth.

contact inhibition of mitosis

muscle cells grow by hypertrophy (increasing cell size), not by hyperplasia (increasing cell number) after maturation

skeletal, cardiac

occurs in prophase I of meiosis I, allowing exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes and increasing genetic variability

crossing over

Cells that have lost structure and function, appearing primitive; common in cancer

anaplastic

Specialized proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle

cyclins

The two rounds of division (meiosis I and II) that generate four haploid gametes

meiotic cell division

Addition of a phosphate group to a protein, altering its function - common target for medications

phosphorylation

Enzymes that phosphorylate proteins on tyrosine residues, important in signaling pathways (TK)

tyrosine kinase

dutch hunger winter: Babies malnourished during —- remained small

last few months

dutch hunger winter: §Babies malnourished during—-Higher obesity, 2 x risk CVD, Health problems in children and grandchildren

first 3 months

complete collection of all chemical modification passed from generation to generation, Modification can be caused by environment

epigenome

the binding of epigenetic factors to —— alters the extent to which DNA is wrapped around —-and the availability of genes in the DNA to be activated

histone tails

are proteins around which DNA can wind for compaction and gene regulation, methylation can cause this to signal to wrap tighter making it hard to read for transcription and therefore turn genes off

histones

methyl group (an epigenetic factor found in some dietary sources) can tag DNA and activate or repress genes - can be passed down from generation to generation

DNA methylation

Small single-stranded pieces of RNA, Bind to mRNA, making it double stranded, Prevents translation, Prevents protein production

microRNA

—cancer changes: with changes to DNA sequence, mutation: RAS, EGFR, etc, chromosome instability: MSI/MSS

genetic

—cancer changes: without changes to DNA sequence, DNA methylation and histone methylation

epigenetic

—around regulatory regions of an oncogene can make the gene more accessible/active→ More oncogene expression→ More cell proliferation and survival→ Can contribute to cancer (basically oncogene ON = more growth)

hypomethylation

Methylation of the promoter/regulatory region can make the gene less accessible→ Reduced or silenced tumor suppressor expression→ The cell loses some of its growth-control mechanisms→ Can contribute to cancer

hypermethylation

—in early pregnancy (first trimester) can increase risk for obesity and cardiovascular disease in offspring (dutch hunger winter)

malnutrition

folic acid, zinc, methionine, B vitamins: what made the agouti mice brown and lean over yellow and obese

methyl donor nutrients

Which dietary factor is most strongly linked to epigenetic methylation processes?

folic acid

The capacity of one genotype to produce different phenotypes depending on environmental conditions

developmental plasticity