Seedless Vascular Plants

Tracheophytes

other name for Vascular Plants

vascular tissue

what allowed vascular plants to grow tall

1. vascular tissues; xylem and phloem

2. well-developed roots and leaves

3. Life cycles with dominant sporophytes

Characters of Living Vascular Plants

complex permanent tissue

The type of tissue composed of xylem and phloem

1. water

2. minerals

3. CO2

Algal ancestors of land plants absorbed ___(3)____ from surrounding water

shallow water and had aerial shoots

Early nonvascular plants habitat and main trait

1. taller plants with flat appendages

2. multicellular branching roots

3. efficient transport

Favored traits of natural sellection (3)

1. long-distance transport of water, minerals and products of photosynthesis

Things that the evolution of xylem and phloem in land plants made possible

1. roots

2. shoots

Xylem transports water and minerals from (1) to (2)

1. sources

2. sinks

Phloem transports photosynthetic products from (1) to (2)

Xylem

tubular, elongated cells that are dead and lignified at functional maturity

1. tracheids

2. vessel elements

Two types of water-conducting cells (Xylem)

Tracheids

Long, thin cells with tapered ends. Water moves from cell to cell mainly through the pits, where it does not have to cross thick secondary walls.

Vessel elements

Generally wider, shorter, thinner walled, and less tapered. They are aligned end to end, forming long pipes known as vessels; perforation plates that enable water to flow freely through the vessels.

1. apoplastic route

2. symplastic route

3. transmembrane route

Three transport routes for water and solutes

across cell walls

transport routes for transmembrane routes

through the cytosol

transport routes for symplastic route

through cell walls and extracellular spaces

transport routes for apoplastic route

1. cell walls

2. extracellular spaces

3. interior of vessel elements and tracheids

Apoplast consists of

1. cytosol of all living cells

2. plasmodesmata

Symplast consists of…

apoplastic route

Uptake of soil solution by the hydrophilic walls of root hairs provides access to the ______. Water and minerals can diffuse into the cortex along this matrix of walls and extracellular spaves

Symplastic Route

Minerals and water that cross the plasma membranes of root hairs can enter here.

Transmembrane route

As soil solution move along the apoplast, water and minerals are transported into the protoplasts of cells of the epidermis and cortex and move inward via symplast.

Phloem

distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

Sieve cells

long, narrow cells found in ferns and gymnosperms

Sieve tubes

chain of cells found in angiosperms

1. sieve cells

2. sieve tubes

the sugar-conducting cells of the Phloem

Sieve tube elements

individual tubes

Sieve plates

end walls between sieve-tube elements; with pores

Companion cells

non-conducting but help load sugars into the sieve-tube elements

Leaves

are organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis

1. Microphylls

2. Megaphylls

Two types of leaves

Microphylls

leaves with a single vein

Megaphylls

leaves with a highly branched vascular system

Stems

conduits for water and nutrients and as supporting structures for leaves

Phyllotaxy

the arrangement of leaves on a stem, is a species-specific trait important for light capture

1. alternate

2. spiral

Characteristics of the phyllotaxy with leaves in most angiosperms (2)

minimizes shading of lower leaves

Reason why the angle between leaves is 137.5 degrees

horizontal

what type of leaves capture more sunlight in low light conditions

vertical

In sunny conditions, what leaves are less damaged by sun and allow light to reach lower leaves

Roots

organs that anchor vascular plants

subterranean stems

Roots evolved from what

absorb water and nutrients

What do roots allow vascular plants to do from the soil

1. soil contains resources

2. root adjust to local conditions

3. less competitive with same plants

4. mycorrhizae

5. increase surface area for phosphate

Root Architecture and acquisition of water and minerals (5)