EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Great Pyramid of Giza

is the oldest and largest of the pyramids in the pyramid complex bordering present-day Giza in Greater Cairo, Egypt.

Great Pyramid of Giza

It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact.

NILE DELTA

is where the river splits into several channels before reaching the Mediterranean.

nile river

serves as the heart of Egypt 4000 miles long • longest river in the world

nile river

was the driving force for ancient Egypt. An important part of their everyday living which means magnet for life. This also means to settle into permanent villages

HYDRAULIC CIVILIZATION

any culture having an agricultural system that is dependent upon large-scale government-managed waterworks— productive (for irrigation) and protective (for flood control).

Land of Papyrus Land of the North (TA-MEHU)

Undeveloped scrubland, filled with grasses and herbs

MEMPHIS

CAPITAL OF LOWER EGYPT

LAND OF REEDS (TA-SHEMAU)

THE UPPER EGYPT

Nekhen

the main city of pre-dynastic upper Egypt was

DESHRET (Red Crown)

Uraeus (rearing cobra) • pharaohs of Lower Egypt and the desert Red Land; • the deities Horus, Wadjet and Neith

HEDJET (White Crown)

• Vulture (dine mostly on dead animals) • pharaohs of Upper Egypt; • the deities Horus and Nekhbe

PSCHENT (Double Crown)

• Deshret and Hedjet • Uraeus (Egyptian cobra) and vulture • pharaohs, and their Horus (god of kingship and the sky

KHEPRESH (Blue Crown)

Blue cloth or leather headdress decorated with bronze or gold dics. • Worn in battles, as well as on ceremonial occasions.

ATEF CROWN

Specific feathered white crown of the ancient Egyptian deity Osiris. • White headdress decorated with ostrich feathers and hedjet • Worn during some religious rituals

NEMES HEADDRESS

Blue and gold striped head cloth. • Worn by rulers from the Old to the New Kingdom; • a scarf-like and long tail at the center back symbolized a lion's tai

POSTICHE

a metal false beard , or postiche • a sign of sovereignty , was worn by royalty

POSTICHE

This was held in place by a ribbon tied over the head and attached to a gold chin strap , a fashion existing from about 3000 to 1580 BCE.

MENES

the brain behind the unification of the two kingdoms

king narmer

menes is aka

menes

The founder of the city of MemphisCapital of Egypt • The first to wear the PSCHENT crown (symbol of combined upper and lower Egypt

Menes

He was the first to invent massive wall fortification to protect his kingdom

menes

first pharaoh • considered by some scholars as the first human god who ruled Egypt

hatshepsut

Cross-Dressing' Pharaoh

THUTMOSE III

• wdely known as the “Napoleon of Egypt”

THUTMOSE III

His most renowned contribution is the temple at Karnak. One of the obelisks from this temple was reerected as the Obelisk of Theodosius in Istanbul, Turke

RAMESSES II

Egyptians often call him “the Great Ancestor

AMENHOTEP III

He contributed a great deal to the field of art by building many monuments, statues, and stone scarabs that are still in good condition today

AMENHOTEP III

He is credited as the pharaoh with the largest number of his own statues.

RAMESSES II

It is believed that no pharaoh has ever surpassed his architectural triumphs. He built an extensive amount of monuments spread all over Egypt that are now a proud part of Egyptian heritage. • Abu Simbel, Luxor Temple, Ramesseum, expansion of Karnak Temple

TUTANKHAMUN

The most famous pharaoh of all time. . He ascended the throne at the tender age of nine or 10 but his reign only lasted from 1332 BC to 1323 BC.

XERXES

He is well known in history for his attempted invasion of Greece in the Battle of Thermopylae. Later in the same year, he was defeated at the Battle of Salamis which led him to flee his kingdom.

XERXES

He is known as both a Persian ruler and a pharaoh as when he ruled Egypt it was also a part of the Persian Empire.

AKHENATEN

• Egyptians were polytheist, but when he ruled Egypt, he preferred the worship of only one god that is Aten (the Sun God). • He established many huge complexes for Aten. The approach of art which developed throughout this period was surely unlike from the other Egyptian arts.

snefru

His most famous achievements were the Bent Pyramid of Dahshur.

kfufu

commonly known as Cheops, his greatest contribution to Egyptian civilization was the Great Pyramid of Giza.

CLEOPATRA VII

was the last pharaoh of the Ptolemaic Kingdom.,

DJOZER

founder of the Old Kingdom • a pharaoh of the ninth dynasty

DJOZER

best known for his contribution to the construction of the famous limestone Step Pyramid at Saqqara.

THE OLD KINGDOM

• Beginning of hieroglyphic and calendar • Sun worship is the official religion • Construction of the Step Pyramid began • King Khufu builds the Great Pyramid of Giza

THE MIDDLE KINGDOM

• Construction of the Karnak Temple • King Mentuhotep II build innovative terraced temple at Deir- El Bahari • King Senworset II is the first to build a pyramid using unfired mud- brick

THE NEW KINGDOM

• Egypt becomes a leading power, expeditions to Asia and Nubia • Greatest extension of kingdom under Thotmos III, construction of Karnak, Luxor, Abu Simbel • Construction of the Temple of Hatshepsut • Macedonian Ptolemaic kings sponsor extensive religious construction

THE LATE PERIOD

• era of great achievement & saw a renewal of Egyptian nationalism & pride in their attempts to throw off Persian rule & regain autonomy • After the 27th dynasty the Persians were expelled but returned once again. • After experiencing a brief period of autonomy after the Persians were expelled the first time, Egypt was conquered again by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.

mastaba

Internal House of Life

MASTABA

“bench of mud ” • rectangular mud -brick tomb with flat roof and battered walls, from which shaft leads to underground burial and offering chambers

mastaba

a type of Egyptian tomb in the form of flat - roofed, rectangular structure with outward sloping sides • A flat top or tapered solid temple . It is a single -story trapezoidal structure, precursor to the pyramids.

SACRIFICIAL CHAPEL

The above-ground structure had space for a small chapel to which priests and family members could bring offerings for the soul of the deceased.

SERDAB

A small chamber inside a mastaba containing a statue of the deceased

SHAFT

A deep shaft descended to the underground burial chamber.

BURIAL CHAMBER

The actual burial chamber was at the base of a deep vertical shaft below a flat-roofed stone structure

SARCOPHAGUS

A chamber containing the “coffin” reached by an underground shaft

FALSE DOOR OF A MASTABA

threshold between the worlds of the living and the dead and through which a deity or the spirit of the deceased could enter and exit. ..usually oriented to the eastern side of the tomb, facing to Nile, enabling the spirit to travel

PYRAMIDS

Royal Tomb of the Pharaohs

PYRAMIDS

were built as tombs that serves as the final resting place of the Kings and Pharaohs • They were built to protect the Pharaoh’s body and inside the pyramids were mazes and dead ends

PYRAMIDS

massive masonry structure having rectangular base and four smooth, steeply sloping sides facing the cardinal points meeting at an apeX

MEYDUM PYRAMID

: attributed to Huni (last king of the 3rd Dynasty) and completed by SNEFERU (son of Huni

MEYDUM PYRAMID

was a seven- stepped structure, contrived by building six thick layers of masonry • Phase that perfecting engineering to pyramid • The upper part has been oddly denuded into a shouldered tower- like structure.

SNEFERU’s Meydum Pyramid

was one of the first attempts to perfect “smooth sided true pyramid” but eventually collapsed and only the lower portion still survive

Step Pyramid

is an architectural structure that uses flat platforms, or steps, receding from the ground up, to achieve a completed shape similar to a geometric pyramid

STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER

started off as a mastaba tomb • a flat-roofed structure with sloping sides • through a series of expansions,• with six layers, one built on top of the othe

STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER

the first ever pyramid dedicated to King Djozer and was originally built as a nearly quadratic mastaba

IMHOTEP

WHO Designed his right hand and royal architect.

Step Pyramid of King Djozer

signals the beginning of STONE ARCHITECTURE not only in Egypt but WORLDWIDE

STEP PYRAMID

REMARKABLE AS BEING THE WORLD’S FIRST LARGE- SCALE MONUMENT IN STONE

Bent Pyramid

A pyramid-type in which each triangular planar surface changes in direction as it approaches the top.

BENT PYRAMID of Sneferu

It is originally planned to be 150 meters high but the ground was not able to sustain the load. To save the building, Egyptians added a kink or bend to reduce the weight and angle of slope.

SOUTH PYRAMID

BENT PYRAMID ALSO KNOWN AS

BENT PYRAMID

angle of inclination of the sides changed halfway • Another daring attempt by Sneferu and seems to collapse because of errors

TRUE PYRAMID

pyramid-type in which four sloping triangular sides with a fixed angle culminate at an apex.

TRUE PYRAMID

It is also called a slope pyramid.

NORTH PYRAMID of DahshuR

The second of Snefru’s pyramids was built at the lower slope angle of 43° and is therefore shorte

RED PYRAMID

The actual burial place of Sneferu • designed and completed as the first true pyramid

The Giza Sphinx

• most famous sculpture in the world • lion's body and a human head (ram or hawk)

Giza Sphinx

it represents Ra-Horakhty, a form of the powerful sun god, and is the incarnation of royal power and the protector of the temple door

Giza Sphinx

is an evil and cruel creature that asks riddles and those who cannot answer it have suffered the fate of being killed and eaten by the monster according to mythological stories

Sa'im al - Dahr

destroyed the nose giza sphinx and was later executed for vandalism

Valley Temple

• built on the edge of the desert escarpment (cliff) • was the place of reception for the royal body

valley temple of Khafre,

a structure of massive granite blocks with huge alabaster flooring slabs, starkly simple but immensely impressive

Causeway

• A covered ceremonial route or corridor leading from a valley temple to a mortuary temple at the foot of the pyramid.

Mortuary Temple

• An ancient Egyptian temple for the worship of a deceased person, usually a deified (sacred) king.

Pyramid of Khufu

• The largest of the three and covers thirteen square acres. • The base makes a perfect square.

Pyramid of Khufu

The first successful steep pyramid • Created by the great pharaoh Khufu (Cheops in Greek) • Assumed to be the burial place of Egyptian Pharaoh- Khufu

Pyramid of Khufu

Also known to be the Great Pyramid of Giza among the three pyramids

Pyramid of Khufu

The allocation and design of air shafts are oriented to the heavenly bodies

Pyramid of Khafre

• It appears taller, an illusion, as it was built on higher ground.

Pyramid of Khafre

Followed the great pyramid in construction • Built by Pharoah Khafre

Pyramid of Menkaure

The smallest pyramid of the three main pyramids of Giza.

Pyramid of Menkaure

Large vertical gash at northern face because of the attempt to demolish

CHAMBER WITH NICHES

which is said to be more complex than those of Khafre carved with decorative panels and another chamber with six large niches

THE TEMPLES

The Sanctuaries of the Kings and Priest

temples

are sanctuaries that only kings and the priests could enter, penetrate, access

cult temple n\and mortuary

2 TYPES OF TEMPLE

cult temple

built for worship of gods

mortuary

built in honor of pharaohs

offering area, house of priest, holy of holiness

3 DIVISIONS OF TEMPLE

THE TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT

Three level terraces approached by ramps s built by architect Senmut for Queen Hatshepsut (the first female king and widowed wife of Thotmos II)

THE TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT

Archaeologists estimate that it took 15 years to build the temple • Decorated with statues of the Queen sculpted to appear as the god Osiris

TEMPLE OF AMUN KARNAK

The Grandest of all Egyptian Temples commenced by Amenemhati dedicated to the Theban Triad gods One of the largest religious sites in the world

Amun, Mut, Khonsu

TEMPLE OF AMUN KARNAK gods