Human Anatomy Lecture Quiz 2

Define Integumentary

the outermost covering or layer of an organism

define dermatology

study of the skin

what is the bodies largest organ?

the skin

what are the two layers of the skin

dermis and epidermis

why is vitamin D synthesis important for the body?

needed for calcium absorption that occurs in the skin

how does the skin help regulate body temperature?

vasoconstriction and vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels and secretions from sweat glands

what are the 5 types of cells in the epidermis?

stem cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, langarhas cells(dendritic cells)

what is keratin and what cells produce it?

a fibrous protein that gives strength and stability to cells and they are produced by Keratinocytes

what is melanin, what cells produce it, what cells absorb it?

a pigment that determines skin and eye color, it is produced by melanocytes and absorbed by keratinocytes

what are the names of macrophages found in the dermis?

langarhans cells

what is the most abundant cell type in the epidermis?

keratinocytes

what are the layers of thick and thin skin?

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

what layer is present in the thick skin and not present in the thin skin?

stratum lucidum

what layer is the cite of cell death?

stratum granulosum

what is the tissue type of the dermis?

connective tissue

what is the primary component of the dermis?

collagenous fibers

what are the two layers of the dermis and how are they different?

the papillary layer is a thin area of areolar tissue and the reticular layer is deeper and thicker

what is the hypodermis and what is its function?

it is the deepest layer of the skin and it provides energy storage, isolation, and protection.

define osteology

study of the bone

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

support, protection, movement, and blood formation

what is the difference between an osteoblast and an osteocyte?

osteoblast are bone forming cells and osteocytes are former osteoblast that became trapped in the matrix

What is the structural unit of a compact bone?

the osteon or the Haversian canal

what types of cells do osteogenic cells give rise to?

osteoblast and osteocytes

what is the function of an osteoclast?

bone dissolving cells on the bone surface

what are the components of the matrix of bone tissue?

collagen, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

what is hydroxyapatite, what would happen if there was insufficient amounts of it in bone?

a naturally occurring mineral, primarily composed of calcium and phosphate, that makes up the hard structural parts of bones and teeth

outline the structure of a compact bone

Its structural unit is the osteon (also known as the Haversian system), which consists of concentric rings of calcified matrix (lamellae) surrounding a central canal (Haversian canal)

what is the function of bone marrow? What type of marrow produces blood cell?

soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone, red bone marrow produces blood cells

what are sharpey fibers and what are their function?

strong collagen fibers that anchor tissues like periosteum, ligaments, and tendons to the bone

what are the endosteum and periosteum

the endosteum is a thin, membranous layer that lines the inner surfaces of the bone. Periosteum is a dense, irregular connective tissue layer that covers the outer surface of the bones

how does long bone growth occur in children

As the child grows, the cartilage in the growth plates is replaced by bone, eventually fusing and stopping bone growth in length when the child reaches adulthood. 

name at least five tissues found in the bone

compact bone, spongey bone, bone marrow, periosteum,endosteum

what is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?

ligaments connect bone to bone providing stability and support. Tendons connect muscle to bone for movement

what is the function of synovial fluid

to reduce friction between the articular cartilages of synovial joints during movement

what are 4 types of joints and their characteristics?

synovial joints: freely movable, are classified by their structure and movement. (synovial fluid and ligaments)

cartilaginous joints: limited movement, connecting bones with cartilage. (fibrocartilage)

fibrous joints: immovable and connect bones with fibrous tissue. (fibrous connective tissue)

saddle joints: allow movement in two planes. 

name at least 2 functions of skeletal muscle

skeletal movement, maintain body posture

define sarcoplasm

cytoplasm of muscle fiber

define sarcolemma

the plasma membrane

what are the thick and thin filaments?

actin in the thin filament and myosin is the thick filament

what are the two regulatory proteins bound to actin?

troponin and tropomyosin

what two binding sites are located on the myosin head?

ATP and actin

contrast skeletal and cardiac muscle

Cardiac myofibrils are not all the same size and branch off in different directions and are joined by gap junctions and desmosomes called intercalated disk while skeletal muscle drivers are all independent of one another structurally and functionally.

What is an intercalated disk and where would it be found?

They allow the heart to beat in syncytium and they are found in cardiac myocytes

how does smooth muscle differ from skeletal and cardiac muscle?

Smooth muscle is found in internal organs, has a spindle shape, and is involuntary

where would smooth muscle be located?

throughout the body, primarily in the walls of hollow organs, passageways, and some tissues

What do automaticity and rhythmicity mean? Which cells have these properties?

it means that it is able to self stimulate contraction by depolarizing independent of any external stimuli at a constant rate. Cardiac cells have these properties

which cells can be joined by gap junctions? how does this effect their ability to contract?

Cardiac muscles are joined by gap junctions and it effects their ability to contract by enabling rapid electrical communication between cells, allowing them to contract in a synchronized matter.