DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS

CH 1 UNIT 1 I incl examples)

principles

They are predetermined from history and practiced as traditions in the present. ( beleif in Tawheed monotheism)

processes

Goals are achieved through a series of stages that require specific steps to realize the intended end result. (ex. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ went through a process of struggle before he was permitted to establish the Islamic state.)

policies

Rules and regulations have been adopted to manage and monitor transportation systems and their use by citizens. ( ex. MDOT Maryland Department of Transportation)

behaviors

When people are deprived of their needs: physical, emotional, or social, they will seek solutions or help to obtain them.

ex. Activism against oppression is civil unrest resulting from an action of leadership, government, or war.

institutions

Leadership is responsible to fulfill the human rights of its citizens who are many and diverse. This population and diversity requires a central service to fulfill their requirements; therefore, institutions derive from the extended needs of the people.

ex. A place to collect charity and distribute it. Businesses provide markets for goods and services. Educational institutions provide learning.

government

structured bodies like the  legislative, executive, and judicial branches and these institutions have a common duty and that is to carry out the will of the people through preserving order,etc

ex. Constitutional democracy

Authoritarianism

collective goods

There are two types of collective goods, the first is that once provided, no one can be excluded from using them (ex. clean air), then the second type is goods that are provided to some, not all. What makes it what it is is the fact that goods are being given to others.

ex. medical care, college, recreation spaces, :clean air, clean water, public parks

political participation

voluntary and citizen-led actions designed to influence government policy or the selection of political leaders.

voting,lobbying,political parties

single issue groups

singular focus, strong belief, and unwillingness to compromise

ex.Pro-Palestine/ pro life and pro-choice groups.

policymaking system

A process or cycle in which policies are made

ex, people’s interests/ concerns → linkage institutions —>> process goes on. O,r cycle of life

linkage institutions

It's a channel that connects the public to the government through emphasizing it on the policy agenda. In other words it's a bridge between citizens and policymakers.

ex. politcal parties

policy agenda

The goals of policymakers, what takes priority are the issues on the policy agenda

ex like  a to-do list on a  planner, prioritized A through C

policymaking institutions

The power to make rules (create laws)  for a group of people, put those rules into action (enforce), and decide what they mean (settle argument about  what they mean)

ex. Congress, Courts, Presidency

public policy

government action, intended to address a broad public problem

ex. a policy /rule for a concern  majority of citizens have

policy impacts

the result or effects of public policy

ex.the effects after The Prohibition was established and how people started illegally consuming.

democracy

government by the people, free and fair elections, protection of individual rights,

ex.United States, Australia, or Germany

majority rules

decision making principle where they are on the side of receiving more than half votes.

ex. “10 people out of 15 in my class voted for donuts “

minority rights

decision making  principle where minorities are on the side of receiving less than half votes.

ex.“5 people out of 15 people in my class voted for blueberries"

representation

The process by which citizens' voices, opinions, and perspectives are made present in political decision-making

ex. pluralism, political participation, of voting for example

pluralism

The theory is that if multiple competing interest groups participate in influencing policy-making institutions.

Pro-life groups, pro choice groups, NRA

elitism

theory of the wealthy and people with high social standings .

ex. Elon Musk and Zuckerberg  and how they can easily influence policymakers because they  themselves are involved in government departments

hyperpluralism

theory that too many intense interest groups cause the government to weaken due to how great interest groups become.

ex.healthcare reform groups (incl insurance companies,hospitals,doctors,patient advocates,et)

policy gridlock

political process is stalled due to lack of agreement

ex.Congress faces gridlock when democrats and republicans refuse to compromise or

political culture

society's deeply rooted attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms

ex. Liberty, individualism, etc

gross domestic product (GDP)

total market value of all goods and services.

ex.  When people buy cars, groceries, or go out to eat, it adds to GDP. If spending slows (like during a recession), GDP falls. Like when the Great Depression happened the GDP fluctuated.

Politics

Officials having the ability to enforce decisions. Politics is about how decisions are made, not just the outcomes.

ex. passing a new law in Congress

Through protest and lobbying, citizens try to influence authority figures to make policy decisions that reflect their interests.