Organic Chemistry Test 2

Toluene

Methyl Benzene

Phenol

Benzene with an OH group

Benzaldehyde

Benzene with another C double bonded to O and to a hydrogen

Benzoic Acid

Benzene with another C double bonded to O and to an OH group

Naming substituted benzenes

One sub:

-Name of sub + benzene

Two sub:

-O, M, or P position

-Exceptions: ones with special names

-Priority: Benzoic acid > Benzaldehyde > Phenol > Toluene

Benzene Reactions

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitutions

Specific Benzene Reactions

Halogenation, Nitration, Sulfonation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation, Friedel-Crafts Acylation

Halogenation

Br2

FeBr3 breaks Br-Br bond, —> FeBr4 + Br+

Result: Benzene with Br replacing H

Nitration

HNO3 reacts with H2SO4 to make NO2+ and OH-

Result: NO2 replaces H

Sulfonation

SO3 reacts with H+ to make SO3H

Result: SO3H replaces H+

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation

AlCl3 breaks R-Cl bond, —> R+ + AlCl4

Result: R replaces H+ (R being an alkyl group, like methyl, ethyl, etc.)

Friedel-Crafts Acylation

Acyl group (Alkyl group with a C=O somewhere)

Lewis acid (AlCl3) breaks Cl bond —> Acyl group + AlCl4

Result: Acyl group replaces H