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Art
A diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or performing artifacts, expressing the author’s imaginative, conceptual ideas, or technical skill, intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power.
Aesthetic Function
When an artwork becomes instrumental for man to be cognizant of the beauty of nature and elicits feelings of joy and appreciation.
Utilitarian Function
When art is utilized to give comfort, convenience, and happiness to human beings, serving basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing, medicine, etc.
Cultural Function
Art serves as an aperture towards skills, knowledge, attitudes, customs, and traditions of different groups of people, preserving and transmitting culture from one generation to another.
Fine Arts/Aesthetic Arts/Independent Arts
One of the general dimensions of arts, encompassing visual forms such as painting, sculpture, etc.
Practical Art/Useful Arts/Utilitarian Arts
Another general dimension of arts, encompassing practical forms such as architecture, crafts, etc.
Art Appreciation
The analysis of the form of artwork to enhance the enjoyment of such works of art, without reference to subject matter, symbolism, or historical context.
Subject of Art
Anything represented in the artwork, such as a person, object, scene, or event.
Medium
The means by which an artist communicates his idea, classified as visual or auditory in the arts.
Visual Arts
Arts whose mediums can be seen and occupy space, including dimensional or two-dimensional arts (painting, drawing, etc.) and three-dimensional arts (sculpture, architecture, etc.).
Auditory Arts
Arts whose mediums can be heard and are expressed in time, such as music and literature.
Combined Arts/Performing Arts
Arts whose mediums can be both seen and heard, existing in both space and time, such as dance, opera, drama, and film.
Technique
The manner in which the artist controls the medium to achieve the desired effect.
Artist and His Medium
The artist thinks, feels, and gives shape to his vision in terms of his chosen medium, sometimes employing more than one medium.
Artist and His Technique
Artists differ from one another in technique, even if they use the same medium.
Painting
The art of creating meaningful effects on a flat surface using pigments.
Watercolor
A medium that is difficult to handle but invites brilliance and variety hues.
Fresco
A painting on a moist plaster surface with colors ground in water or a lime water mixture.
Tempera
Mineral pigments mixed with egg yolk or white and used as a binder for painting on wooden panels.
Pastel
A stick of dried paste made of pigment round with chalk and compounded with gum water, known for its luminous colors.
Encaustic
Painting with wax colors fixed with heat.
Oil
Pigments mixed with linseed oil and applied to canvas, known for its expense and richness.
Acrylic
A synthetic paint mixed with acrylic emulsion, popular for its transparency and quick-drying characteristics.
Mosaic
A picture or decoration made of small pieces of inlaid colored stones or glass, glued on a surface with plaster or cement.
Stained Glass
Many small pieces of colored glass held together by bands of lead.
Tapestry
A fabric consisting of a warp upon which colored threads are woven by hand to produce a design.
Drawing
The most fundamental skill in arts, often used as a training for artists to concentrate on the use of line.
Bistre
A brown pigment used in pen and wash drawings, extracted from the soot of wood.
Crayons
Pigments bound by wax and compressed into sticks for drawing.
Charcoal
Carbonaceous materials used in representing broad masses of light and shadow.
Silverpoint
Drawing with a silver stylus on specially prepared paper to produce a thin grayish line.
Printmaking
A process of duplicating a design or text onto a surface, including woodcut, engraving, relief, intaglio, and stencil process.
Sculpture
The art of creating three-dimensional forms using various materials such as stone, jade, metals, wood, etc.
Architecture
The art of designing and supervising the construction of buildings, serving as shelter and fulfilling man's physical, emotional, intellectual, and psychosocial needs.
Factors in the Choice and Use of Architectural Materials
Structural property, physical property, weakness of the material, longevity, and other inherent and non-inherent properties.
Materials of Nature
Direct products of nature, including stone, wood, etc.
Materials Manufactured by Man
Materials that require manipulation by man, including ceramic materials
Chrome-Nickel Steel
A hard, non-corrosive metal used for welding, stamping, and forging. Often used in interiors for doors, panels, grills, or railings.
Aluminum
A white metal known for its lightness and non-corrosive properties. Can be cast or forged into various shapes. Used in sculpture, architecture, shop fronts, doors, grills, hardware, and exterior covering.
Monel Metal
A mixture of nickel and copper with iron, silica, and manganese. Non-corrosive metal used for doors, grills, balustrades, and screens.
Nickel Silvers
Soft metal with dull textures that combines well with marble and wood. Ideal for interior work in architecture.
Concrete Materials
Dominant architectural building materials due to availability, durability, fluidity, and other physical properties. Popular building material.
Plastics
Versatile materials that can be sewed, cut, bent, drilled, and threaded. Smooth, hard, permanent, light, transparent or opaque, and durable. Can be molded, cast, extruded, and laminated. Capable of resisting water, acid, fire, or wear.
Indigenous Materials:
Found in the locality and are widely used for sculpture and architecture.
Sawali
Outer covering of bamboo poles used as a woven material for cement backing.
Coco Coir
By-product material of coconut used as sandwich panels for insulation and to minimize the use of cement.
Bagasse
Sugar cane waste used for insulation or cement backing.
Abaca
Fiber material obtained from the leafstalk of a banana plant. Found in the Bicol Region.
Bamboo
Low elasticity, low concrete adhesion, and variable moisture content. Used in sculptural and architectural forms and designs. Mainly found in Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela provinces.
Palm Frond Stems
Used for non-structural panels, certain walls, screens, and base of a house. Susceptible to termites and needs replacement every 4 to 5 years. Must be shielded by anti-termite chemicals or raised above the ground.
Mud Brick
Brittle with less strength, but low thermal conductivity. Beneficial in hot, dry climates.
Medium of the Performing Arts
Includes music, dance, theatre arts (play or drama), and literature. Performed by artists on stage or in various places.
Music
Art form that reflects culture. Vocal music is produced by the sound of the human voice, while instrumental music is produced by instruments.
Vocal Music
Oldest and natural form of music. Produced by vibrations of the vocal chords in the voice box. Correct breathing, placement of voice, diction, and interpretation are important aspects.
Classification of Vocal Music:
Includes Long and Short Vocal Forms
Opera
Drama set to music with action, costume, and scenery. Consists of overture, arias, recitative, ensemble, and chorus.
Cantata
Story told in music without action. Smaller version of oratorio, can be secular or religious.
Oratorio
Dramatic music based on biblical stories or contemplative characters. Performed in concert style without costumes, scenery, or action. Emphasis on chorus and text.
Moro-Moro
Philippine drama set to music depicting Christian and non-Christian conflicts.
Zarzuela
Philippine drama set to music, similar to opera.
Voice Classification
Divided into Women and Men’s Voice
Women's Voice
Soprano, coloratura soprano, mezzo-soprano, lyric soprano, alto or contralto.
Men's Voice
Tenor, baritone, bass.
Instrumental Music
Includes sonata, suite, symphony, concerto, chamber music. Different musical instruments are used.
The Different Musical Instruments
Categorized by strings, woodwinds, brasses, and percussions.
The Properties of Musical Sounds:
Includes Pitch, Duration, Volume, Timbre or Tone Color
Pitch
Highness or lowness of a tone determined by rate of vibration.
Duration
Length of time over which vibration is maintained.
Volume
Force or percussive effects that make a tone loud or soft.
Timbre or Tone Color
Unique sound produced by instruments influenced by size, shape, proportion, material, and vibration setup.
Literature
Influenced by various languages, translations may not fully capture the original beauty. English is a flexible medium but not international.
Methods of Art Production and Presentation:
In presenting the art subjects, whether for entertainment or competition in any class or school events, the artist uses different methods to express the idea he wants to make clear.
Realism
Attempt to portray the subject as it is, describing accurately and honestly what is observed.
Abstraction
Moves away from showing things as they really are, focusing on texture and shape rather than exact form.
Distortion
Misshapen condition or twisting regular
Line
A point moving at an identifiable path with length, direction, and width. It can define the perimeters of artwork or become a substantial component of the composition.
Horizontal and Vertical Lines
Refers to the orientation of the line. Horizontal lines convey rest or calm, while vertical lines connote elevation or height, symbolizing exaltation or aspiration for action.
Diagonal and Crooked Lines
Diagonal lines convey movement and instability, while crooked or jagged lines are reminiscent of violence, conflict, or struggle.
Curved Lines
Lines that bend or coil, alluding to softness, grace, flexibility, or sensuality.
Implied Lines
Lines that are not explicitly shown but are powerful in conveying movement and tension in a scene.
Color
Enhances the appeal of artwork and evokes responses based on memory, emotion, and instinct. It is a property of light reflected off an object.
Hue
The dimension of color that gives it its name. Primary colors are red, yellow, and blue; secondary colors are green, orange, and violet; tertiary colors are achieved by mixing primary and secondary colors.
Value
Refers to the brightness or darkness of color. Light colors represent the source of light, while dark colors represent the lack or absence of light.
Intensity
The brightness or dullness of color, identified as the strength of color. Bright or warm colors convey positive energy, while dull or cool colors evoke serenity or calmness.
Texture
The tactile quality of an artwork, experienced through touch and sight. It can be real or implied, and describes the roughness, smoothness, hardness, softness, or other qualities of a surface.
Form
Connotes a three-dimensional object in space and describes the structure or shape of an object.
Regular Form
Parts are related to each other in a consistent orderly manner, stable and symmetrical.
Irregular Form
Parts are dissimilar and unrelated to each other, asymmetrical and dynamic.
Centralized Forms
Secondary forms clustered around a dominant, central, and parent form.
Linear Forms
Forms arranged sequentially in a row or series along a line.
Radial Forms
Linear forms extending outward from a central form in a radial manner.
Grid Form
Modular forms regulated by a three-dimensional grid, creating a spatial network of reference points and lines.
Volume
The amount of space occupied in three dimensions, referring to solidity or thickness.
Values of Color
The lightness or darkness of color. Tints are lighter colors achieved by adding white pigment, while shades are darker colors achieved by adding black pigment.
Psychological Effects of Values in Color
Light values or tints make objects appear larger and more advancing, while dark hues create depth and recede.
Elements of Visual Arts
Color, which has three dimensions or attributes:hue, value, and intensity. Hue gives color its name, value refers to the lightness or darkness, and intensity is the brightness or dullness of color.
Elements of Performing Arts
Music, an art form that involves sound, rhythm, melody, and harmony.
Music
The auditory art that uses a particular language to manipulate sounds and create meanings.
Elements of Music
The seven key components of music, including rhythm, melody, pitch, harmony, tempo, dynamics, and timbre.
Rhythm
The patterns of sounds in a song, characterized by a recurrent pulse or beat.