unit 4 ap gov

16th Amendment

The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1913, grants Congress the power to levy income taxes.

Affordable Care Act

Also known as Obamacare, the Affordable Care Act is a comprehensive healthcare reform law enacted in 2010 in the United States, aimed at increasing the quality and affordability of health insurance.

16th Amendment

The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1913, grants Congress the power to levy income taxes.

Affordable Care Act

Also known as Obamacare, the Affordable Care Act is a comprehensive healthcare reform law enacted in 2010 in the United States, aimed at increasing the quality and affordability of health insurance.

Approval Ratings

Approval ratings measure the public's approval or disapproval of the performance of a political leader or government, typically expressed as a percentage.

Baby Boomer

Refers to the generation of people born between 1946 and 1964, following World War II, during a period of increased birth rates.

Bandwagon Effect

The phenomenon where the popularity or success of a particular idea or candidate leads others to adopt or support it.

Benchmark Polls

Initial surveys used to gauge the level of support for a candidate or policy at the beginning of a campaign.

Bradley Effect

A phenomenon in which voters misrepresent their intentions in polls due to social desirability bias, named after Tom Bradley, an African-American candidate who lost the 1982 California gubernatorial race despite leading in polls.

Conservative

A political ideology that generally advocates for limited government intervention in the economy, traditional values, and a strong national defense.

Equality of Opportunity

The concept that everyone should have the same chance to succeed and achieve their goals, regardless of background or characteristics.

Exit Polls

Surveys conducted with voters leaving polling places to predict election outcomes and understand voter demographics.

Federal Reserve Board

The central banking system of the United States responsible for monetary policy, including the regulation of money supply and interest rates.

Fiscal Policy

The use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy.

Flat Tax

A tax system where all individuals or entities pay the same percentage of their income or wealth.

Focus Groups

Small groups of people brought together to discuss and provide feedback on a specific issue or topic.

Free Enterprise

An economic system characterized by private ownership of businesses and minimal government interference.

Generation Effects

The impact of historical events and cultural shifts on the values and attitudes of a particular generation.

Generation X

The generation born between the early 1960s and early 1980s, following the baby boomers.

Horse Racing

A metaphor used in politics to describe the fluctuating fortunes of political candidates in a campaign.

Ideology

A set of beliefs or ideas that guide an individual or group, often related to politics, economics, or social issues.

Individualism

Emphasis on individual rights, autonomy, and personal responsibility.

Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

The U.S. government agency responsible for collecting taxes and enforcing tax laws.

Keynesian Economics

Economic theory advocating for government intervention to manage economic cycles, named after economist John Maynard Keynes.

Liberal

A political ideology that generally supports government intervention in the economy, social equality, and individual rights.

Libertarian

A political ideology advocating for minimal government involvement in individual lives and the economy.

Lifestyle Effects

The influence of personal lifestyle choices on political attitudes and behaviors.

Majoritarian

A political philosophy that emphasizes decision-making by majority rule.

Millennials

The generation born roughly between the early 1980s and mid-1990s.

Moderate

A political stance that falls between conservative and liberal ideologies.

Monetary Policy

The management of the money supply and interest rates by a central bank to achieve economic goals.

Non-response Bias

Error in survey results due to certain groups being less likely to respond.

Political Socialization

The process through which individuals acquire their political beliefs and values.

Populist

A political approach that claims to represent the interests of the common people against those of the elite.

Progressive

A political ideology supporting social and political reform.

Progressive Tax

A tax system where the rate increases as the taxable amount increases.

Public Opinion Polls

Surveys designed to measure the public's views on various issues.

Push Poll

A deceptive form of polling designed to influence rather than measure public opinion.

Rule of Law

The principle that all individuals and entities are subject to and accountable under the law.

Saliency

The importance or relevance of an issue to an individual or group.

Sample Error

The margin of error in survey results due to the sampling process.

Silent Generation

The generation born between the mid-1920s and early 1940s.

Social-Reliability Bias

A type of bias in surveys where respondents provide answers they believe are socially acceptable rather than their true opinions.

Supply-Side Economics

Economic theory that emphasizes reducing barriers to production and encouraging investment to stimulate economic growth.

Tracking Polls

Continuous surveys conducted over time to monitor changes in public opinion.

Medicaid

A U.S. government program providing health coverage for low-income individuals.

Medicare

A U.S. government program providing health coverage for individuals aged 65 and older.