Chapter 1: Intro to biotechnology

1. What is the definition of biotechnology?

fusion of technology and biology

2. What are three traditional biotechnology products?

yogurt bread and cheese

3. What are two examples of modern biotechnology products?

therapeutic drugs, enzymes in laundry detergents

4. When did the modern biotechnology industry begin?

1970s

5. When did early humans begin selectively breeding plants and livestock?

8000 BC

6. When was wine first invented

4000 BC

7. Who developed brewing and cheesemaking? When?

2000 BC

8. What was the first antibiotic used? Which culture? When?

500 bc chinese, moldy soybeans

9. Who developed the first smallpox vaccine? When?

edward Jenner, 1796

10. Who discovered proteins?

In 1838, Dutch chemist Gerardus Johannes Mulder identified and named proteins while studying various organic substances.

11. When was the Origin of Species published?

Charles Darwin, 1859

12. When was pasteurization first developed?

In the1860s, Louis Pasteur first developed pasteurization as a process to eliminate pathogens in food and beverages.

13. When did Mendel establish the principles of genetics?

In 1865, Gregor Mendel established the principles of genetics through his experiments with pea plants.

14. Who developed the first rabies vaccine? What year?

Louis Pasteur in 1885

15. When did the term "biotechnology" first appear in print?

The term "biotechnology" first appeared in print in 1919, introduced by the Hungarian engineer Karl Ereky.

16. Who discovered penicillin? What year?

In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, marking the beginning of modern antibiotics.

17. Who discovered DNA as the carrier of genetic information?

In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed the double helix structure of DNA, establishing it as the molecule that carries genetic information.

18. When was the double-helix structure of DNA discovered?

1953

19. When was mRNA discovered?

1961

20. When was the gene first completely synthesized?

1921

21. When was recombinant insulin produced? By which company?

1977 by genetech

22. When was DNA fingerprinting first used?

1984

23. When were the first genetically modified tobacco plants grown?

1986

24. When was the Human Genome Project first launched?

1990

25. What was the first cloned mammal? What year?

sheep 1997

26. When was Golden Rice developed?

1999

27. When was the Human Genome Project completed?

2003

28. When was the first HPV vaccine approved?

2010

29. When was the first self-replicating bacterial cell created?

2010

30. When was CRISPR-CAS9 used for gene editing?

2012

31. When were mRNA vaccines first used?

2021

32. What are the different sectors in biotechnology?

biological reasearch, healthcare, agriculture, manufacturing

33. What are the key techniques in biotechnology?

molecular biology, cell biology, genetic engineering

34. What is the ethical consideration around biotechnology?

safety, long term impact

35. What are the tools in biotechnology?

whole cells, DNA, rna, proteins

36. What are two of the key instruments in biotechnology?

spectrophotometer and PCR

37. What is chromatography?

sorting

38. What is gene transfer?

delivery

39. What is protein purification?

final product

40. What is a spectrophotometer?

light absorption

41. What is PCR?

polymerase chain reaction

42. What are the key concepts behind using biotechnology in national defense?

biosurveillence

43. Which company was the founding biotechnology company? What was their first product?

genetech, insulin

44. What is the difference between biotech and pharmaceutical industries?

pharmatech is chemical, biotech is biological drugs.

45. Who are the key users of biotechnology?

llife sciences, healthcare, gricukture, forensics, nation defense

46. What is genomics?

study of genomes

47. What is proteomics?

study of all the protein in a organism

48. What is precision medicine?

therapies based on genetic profile

49. What happens during the drug discovery phase of drug development?

on lab animals

50. What happens during phase I clinical trials?

tens of volunteers

51. What happens during phase II clinical trials?

hundreds of volunteers

52. What happens during phase III clinical trials?

thousands of vouteers

53. what are the four common hazards in a lab

chemical, biological, psychical, fire related.

what does OSHA recommend to ensure safety

training PPE procedural awareness

what must initial and recurrent training cover

equipment location, safe handling, and remergency resoonse

what is ppe

personal protection equipment

when should ppe be worn

all times

what is eye protection

goggles, splash guards uv face shields

what is hand protection

gloves

what are body/foot protection

lab coats, closed toes shoes

what is the msds

manual safety data sheets

when should fume hoods be used

protect against vapors

what are biosafety levels

1-4

what is bsl 1

teaching labs

what is bsl 2

moderate hazards

what is bsl 3-4

dangerous hazards

how should microorganisms be disposed

autoclaving

what tools measure volume

graduated cylinder, volumetric flask, piettes

what tools measure mass

analytical balances

what is normal body temp

37 c

what is normal room temp

22 C

what pH meters

A pH meter is an electronic instrument that measures the acidity or alkalinity of a water-based solution by detecting the voltage generated by a pH-responsive electrode immersed in the liquid

how should glassware be cleaned

rinsing away any loose debris, then wash with warm, soapy water using a soft sponge or brush, scrubbing gently to avoid scratches

what is a autoclave

a device that uses heat, steam, and pressure to sterilize instruments, equipment, and waste by killing microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores

what are the different methods for disinfection

chemical, physical, and advanced oxidation processes

what is the purpose of a lab notebook

document the entire process, from initial ideas to final conclusions, ensuring reproducibility, aiding in troubleshooting, and protecting intellectual property

what are SI units

the modern, world-standard system of measurement used in science and technology, forming the basis of the metric system

what is the dilution formula

C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

What are some examples of microbes being used in food products

pickles sausage, bread

How are microbes used in dairy products?

enzymes and bacteria turn milk into curds and honey, and in yogurt bacteria ferments milk sugars

How do microbes break down organic waste?

aerobic respiration

How are microbes used in health care?

genetic engineering

What are pathogens?

harmful microbes

What is anabolism?

building

What is catabolism?

breaking

Where does metabolism happen in bacteria?

everything ur cell does to get energy

What is fermentation?

what happens to food without ocygen

What are the end products of fermentation?

carbon dioxide and sour flavor

What is glucose?

cells fuel

What is oxidation?

a hypothetical charge an atom would have if all its bonds were ionic, indicating the number of electrons an atom has lost or gained in a chemical compound

What is reduction?

involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species, resulting in a change in oxidation states

What happens when glucose is oxidized?

krebs cycle

What is glycolisis?

splits glucose into pyrate

What happens to pyruvate in the presence of oxygen?

krebs

What does fermentation begin with?

pyrate

What is lactic acid fermentation?

a metabolic process that converts sugar into lactic acid in the absence of oxygen, primarily to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis to continue.

What is alcoholic fermentation?

a biotechnological process accomplished by yeast, some kinds of bacteria, or a few other microorganisms to convert sugars into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

Why is fermentation important?

preserves food

What is milk rich in?

proteins sugars fats and minerals

What pathogens can be found in milk?

e coli protozoan s aureus psuedomonas campylobacter salmonella