Chapter 16: Immune Disorders

What is an allergic reaction?

An immune response to an allergen, which is an antigen but not from a pathogen.

What is anaphylaxis?

A severe allergic reaction characterized by a drop in blood pressure, swelling, throat closure, and is treated with epinephrine.

What activates during Type I hypersensitivity?

IgE is activated in response to an allergen.

What are common treatments for Type I hypersensitivity?

Antihistamines and steroids are used to treat Type I hypersensitivity.

What is a common cause of Type II hypersensitivity?

Blood transfusion reactions, such as hemolytic transfusion and hemolytic disease of the newborn.

What characterizes Type III hypersensitivity?

Formation of large immune complexes by IgG/IgM antibodies, leading to tissue damage.

What is the consequence of neutrophils trying to destroy immune complexes in Type III hypersensitivity?

Tissue damage occurs due to enzymes released by neutrophils.

What is a key feature of Type IV hypersensitivity?

Activated by TH1 cells and involves T-cells and macrophages.

What autoimmune reaction occurs in celiac disease?

An immune reaction to gluten that damages the lining of the small intestine.

What are symptoms of Graves disease?

Bulging eyes, heat intolerance, rapid heart rate, anxiety, fatigue, and goiter.

What causes Hashimoto's disease?

Antibodies attack the thyroid gland, leading to various symptoms.

List some symptoms of Addison's disease.

Low blood sugar, extreme fatigue, nausea, salt cravings, skin changes, and can lead to adrenal shock.

What is a potential consequence of multiple sclerosis?

Damage to the myelin sheath of nerve fibers, causing various neurological symptoms.

What happens to muscle function in myasthenia gravis?

Muscle contraction decreases, leading to extreme muscle weakness.

How does rheumatoid arthritis affect joints?

It causes chronic inflammation leading to pain, swelling, and potential joint deformity.

What are common symptoms of lupus?

Fatigue, fever, joint pain, a butterfly-shaped rash, and more.

Which symptoms are associated with joint inflammation in RA?

Swollen and tender joints, stiffness, fatigue, fever, and loss of appetite.

What does the presence of a butterfly-shaped rash indicate?

It is a common symptom of lupus.

What triggers symptoms in celiac disease?

The ingestion of gluten.

What laboratory test is typically used for autoimmune disorders?

Antibody testing is commonly used to diagnose autoimmune disorders.

What happens to the thyroid in Graves disease?

The thyroid becomes overactive, leading to hyperthyroidism.

What can untreated Addison's disease lead to?

It can lead to adrenal shock, characterized by low blood pressure and confusion.

What neurological symptoms may indicate multiple sclerosis?

Muscle weakness, unsteady balance, and cognitive issues.

What is the primary treatment for severe allergic reactions?

Epinephrine is used as a primary treatment for anaphylaxis.

What role do neutrophils play in Type III hypersensitivity?

They attempt to destroy immune complexes but end up causing tissue damage.

What is a common sign of Hashimoto's disease?

An enlarged thyroid gland is a common symptom.

What is the underlying cause of myasthenia gravis?

Antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction.

How does lupus affect different body systems?

It can attack tissues in the joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart, and lungs.

What is a symptom of Addison's disease related to appearance?

Darker areas of skin can develop due to Addison's disease.

What are some triggers for RA flares?

Triggers can vary but may include stress, overexertion, and changes in weather.

What is the significance of skin lesions in lupus?

They often worsen with sun exposure, indicating photosensitivity.

What bodily change is often seen in Graves disease?

Bulging eyes due to increased thyroid hormone levels.

How are blood clots related to Type III hypersensitivity?

Activation of coagulation occurs, leading to blood clots and ischemia.

What is a key feature of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

They are delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions involving T-cells.

What can occur as a side effect of medications treating RA?

Some treatments can increase the risk of infections due to immune suppression.

What emotional symptoms can be associated with Addison's disease?

Depression and irritability are common emotional symptoms.

Why is diagnosing lupus often challenging?

Symptoms are similar to those of many other conditions, making it difficult.

What can exacerbate symptoms in myasthenia gravis?

Stress and infection can worsen symptoms.

What is the relationship between asthma and Type IV hypersensitivity?

Asthma may be triggered by T-cell mediated responses.

What systemic effects can occur in RA?

RA can cause systemic inflammation affecting multiple organs.

What unique symptom can be seen during lupus flares?

Fingers and toes may turn white/blue during stressful periods.

What is a common cause of chronic inflammation in autoimmune disorders?

Release of inflammatory cytokines is a common cause.

In what way does Hashimoto's disease lead to thyroid dysfunction?

It leads to hypothyroidism due to destruction of thyroid tissue.

What is the bodily function of the adrenal glands affected by Addison's disease?

They regulate cortisol and aldosterone production.

Which immune response characterizes Type II hypersensitivity?

It involves antibody-mediated destruction of cells.

How does Type I hypersensitivity manifest in the body?

It typically manifests as allergic symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and hives.

What symptomatic comparison exists between Graves disease and Hashimoto's disease?

Both affect the thyroid but have opposite effects: hyperthyroidism vs. hypothyroidism.

In terms of roles, what do T-cells play in autoimmune diseases?

T-cells are crucial in mediating immune responses and can be involved in tissue damage.

What lifestyle modification can benefit individuals with autoimmune disorders?

Maintaining a balanced diet and managing stress can aid in symptom control.

What does it mean if a patient shows signs of multiple sclerosis?

They may experience neurological symptoms due to damage to the myelin sheath.

What is an uncommon, but significant, symptom of lupus?

Dry eyes can be a significant symptom of lupus.

How can allergies be prevented?

Avoiding known allergens is the most effective way to prevent allergic reactions.

What is the goal of treatment for most autoimmune disorders?

To reduce symptoms and manage the immune response.