LIfe and works of Rizal 12-20

Paris Exposition

When Rizal arrived in Europe, he linked up with his fellow filipinos. They established a number of organizations to strengthen their identity as a simple collective group of filipinos embarking on the___________of 1899.

Kidlat

They adopted the name of______club whose members include Antonio Luna, Baldomero Roxas, Fernando Canon, Juan Luna etc.

Los Indios Bravos

However, they spotted the native american indians and were inspired by them. From being Kidlat club, they became the_________.

Asosacion La Solidaridad

La Solidaridad

Indolence of the Filipinos and Philippines, A Century Hence

Eventually, this group of students and young professionals became entrenched in providing a voice to air their issues and suggestions to the government. The___________materialized. This organization later published the newsletter entitled_________where the lengthiest and groundbreaking articles of Rizal were published, the 5-part_____________

Indolence of the Filipinos Part 3

“Man works for an object. Remove the object and you reduce him to inaction”……

Indolence of Filipinos Part 4

“Deprive a man, then, of his dignity and you not only deprive him of his moral strength but you also make him useless even for those who wish to make use of him'“

Philippines, A century Hence Part 3

“No one ceases to be a man, no one forfeits his rights to civilization merely by being more or less uncultured, and since the Filipinos is regarded as a fit citizen when he is asked to pay taxes or shed his blood to defend the fatherland why must this fitness be denied him when the question arises of granting him some right?”…….

Philippines, A century Hence part 2

“the people no longer have confidence in its former protectors, now its exploiters and executioners”……

Philippines, A century Hence part 4

“Perhaps the great american republic, whose interests lie in the pacific and who has no hand in the spoliation of africa, may dream someday of foreign possession”…….

3rd of july, 1892

La Liga Filipina

When Rizal returned to manila, he established the first national organization uniting the archipelago. Never before had there been a gathering where different mestizos and indios were unified under one country, the filipinos. On the________, Rizal established his national organization at the Ongjunco Residence, in Tondo, Manila. known as________.

1. unity of the whole archipelago into one compact and homogenous body;

2. mutual protection in every want and necessity;

3. defense against all violence and injustice;

4. encouragement of education, agriculture, and commerce; and

5. analysis and application of reforms.

The La Liga Filipina had its own constitution written by Rizal. Its aims were the following:

Governor General Despujol

Dapitan

Katipunan

Supremo Andres Bonifacio

Eventually, the La Liga Filipina was the last organization Rizal formed and was directly involved in because a few days after,____________ arranged for Rizal's arrest and eventual exile to the southern part of Mindanao,_______. Despite his failure to materialize any long standing organization, Rizal's followers were able to establish for themselves without his help. The formation of the_______by ________who benefited from Rizal's vision made use of the latter's influential mien, as references alluding to the Dapitan exile was present throughout their secret organization.

Sucesos de las islas Filipinas

Rizal, in his annotation to Antonio de Morga's__________, said that "to foretell the destiny of a nation, it is necessary to open a book that tells of her past." Uttered in his time, Rizal hoped to influence the nation's future through the use of the narratives of the past. Such threefold approach became the foundation of his nationalist project when he returned to Europe.

Morga

When Rizal embarked on his mission to give his countrymen a written history, he sought the book of_______and used it as his primary source.

Primary Sources

__________are sources that have direct relations to the past events or to the subject being discussed.

Examples of this are diaries, artifacts, personal testimonies of witnesses, etc. This is

secondary sources

_________which are the narratives written by historians/ writers. Examples of these are books, textbooks, journal articles, etc.

historical sources

_________are the bread and butter of historians. Without them, historians' attempt to reconstruct the past is impossible.

internal and external criticism

Rizal also applied historical methods in the entire process, namely,_______and_______

External Criticism

__________refers to the assessment of physical appearance and composition of a certain document.

internal criticism

________means analyzing the motives and content of a specific document.

land dispute

second sojourn

Jose Rizal's personal experience of unequal treatment conferred to fellow folks in Calamba regarding_______in 1887 served as his last straw of faith to the colonial regime. He had already reached the point of conclusion that the Philippines had no future if it remained a colony of Spain. Thus, his transformation of consciousness had come to full circle at the onset of his_________to Europe (1888-1892). Rizal now had a clear mission-to imagine a separate Filipino nation. To do this, Rizal sought historical scholarship to destroy the evils of Spanish colonialism.

Fr. Jose Burgos

Isabelo de los Reyes

Pedro Paterno

Biak-na-Bato

Rizal, however, was not the first of his kind. There were efforts to combat colonialism using history by other Filipinos before him.________, the leading icon of the secularization movement and whose works greatly influenced Rizal, championed this, though inaccurate in most of his historical accounts. _________, a notable Filipino journalist, had written volumes of newspaper articles on Philippine history; albeit relegated to limited value only by his contemporaries. The infamous_______, the architect of the Truce of______ in 1898, also devoted is life while in Madrid, Spain, venturing on historical writing; but his works were merely showing the sameness of the Spanish and Filipino culture prior to colonization. Nevertheless, all these proved the growing interests of Filipinos to defend themselves through past narratives.

old colonial myth of lazy natives

ingrate

Barrantes, Retana, and Quioquiap

Such Filipino approach alarmed the Spaniards and propelled them to revive the_________, a belief on the indolence of Filipinos as the root cause of societal stagnation in the Philippines. This was backed up by another colonial ideology of "_______" Filipinos who entertained the prospect of expelling the friars and the possibility of a separate Filipino nation in the 19th century. The fundamental thesis was to blame the natives for their barbarism and stupidity, which in turn resulted to general backwardness. Guardians of the empire were mostly friars and apologists, like___________, who relentlessly criticized Filipinos for their ingratitude to Mother Spain.

Bipartite View of History

backwardness

civilization

kadiliman

liwanag

Tripartite View of History

LIGHT-DARKNESS-LIGHT (LIWANAG-DILIM-MULING LIWANAG

300

The perspective utilized by the Spaniards is known today in Philippine History /Historiography as the_________. It refers to the biased vision of colonialist to their colony to justify the perpetuation of colonial status quo. It can be easily understood by this twofold framework: DARKNESS-LIGHT (DILIM-LIWANAG). Darkness here is metaphorically pertaining to_______ , while light means_______. In the context of Spanish colonialism, it advances the idea that the Philippines had no civilization (_______) before the advent of Spanish colonialism. But when the Spaniards conquered the archipelago, civilization (________) came afterwards

The opposing concept of the view explained earlier is the__________ . It refers to the idea of the colonial subjects against their colonizers to deny the nobility of colonialism. The threefold framework is________. The approach centers on how________years of Spanish rule in the Philippines ruined the advanced civilization of early Filipinos and the possibility of returning to their glorious years when colonialism is eliminated.

Tripartite View of History

Ilustrados

historical writing

Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las islas Filipinas

The_________preoccupied the minds of many Filipino_______who studied in Europe in the 19th century. Propagating it, however, was not the endgame as it appeared only to be throwing stones at each other. Telling the Spaniards that they ruined the Philippines was insufficient because it would only be branded as accusations and black propaganda. What the Filipinos needed that time were solid evidence that could rival the more dominant views expressed by colonial sentinels.

Rizal's contribution to_______arrived in the nick of time. His massive research and accurate historical method laid the foundation of Philippine historiography. He did this through mastering the technique he learned from Europe, and applied this in his 1890 edition of______________

1887

Ferdinand Blumentritt

Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas

Rizal had been contemplating on a well-written history of the Philippines when he finished his first novel in____. But he was too reluctant at first because of his lack of resources. Instead, he implored his friend_______to write the history of the Philippines due to his apparent expertise on the subject matter, to which the latter refused. Realizing that his plea did not stand a chance, Rizal decided to do it by himself, in his own way. Instead of writing an entire book dedicated to the country's history, he rather resorted to annotating a previously published Philippine history book-the book entitled________ written by Antonio de Morga.

Antonio de Morga

1580

Lieutenant-Governor

Oidor, or judge

audiencia

Oliver van Noort

Mexico

1609

__________was a Seville-born statesman who joined the Spanish government in_______. In 1593, he was appointed of_________Spain's colony in the Philippines, the second in command next to the Governor-General. In 1598, he assumed the position of_______in the_______. In 1600, he led the Spanish troops against Dutch invaders led by________; but he lost in this battle. This defeat paved the way for his relief in position and transfer to______, where he published his books Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas in_______.

British Museum in London

4 months

original manuscript

Pigafetta, Chirino, Colin, Gaspar de San Agustin, Combes

Rizal, after getting permission from friends and authorities, devoted his time and laboriously conducted his intensive research at the________ for______ (September to December of 1889), where he found the________ of Sucesos. As technology was not yet advanced during his time, he patiently hand copied the entire book. He also dared to read other chronicles about the Philippines (those written by_______________, etc.) and compared them to Morga's narrative to see which accounts corroborated. His comments can be found in the footnotes of his edition.

1) Morga saw the transition of periods from early Philippine societies to colonial Philippines; hence, he was an eyewitness, so his accounts were more reliable compared to other narratives;

2. Morga was not a member of religious congregations (Jesuits, Dominicans, Franciscans, etc.)

Important questions beg for answers. First, among the history books written and published, why did Rizal choose the work of Morga? The answer lies in the background and personality of the author: 1)_____________ and 2)__________so his accounts were secular in nature. It is not to say that religious accounts were not credible; it was just that chronicles of friars might not be considered history in its modern concept.

Floro Quibyen

1. Rizal's scholarship was based on German historiography which utilizes modern historical method;

2. Rizal's research into the past was intended as a basis for critiquing colonialism as well as for defining (or constructing) a Filipino national identity

3. Rizal made a stronger claim for viewing national identity within Asian-Pacific perspective; and

4. Rizal's work had impact on nationalist movement, particularly to Bonifa-cio's Katipunan.

The second question is, What are the contributions of Rizal's annotation to Morga's Sucesos? The historian_______provides the answers:

If the book succeeds to awaken your consciousness of the past, already effaced from your memory, and to rectify what has been falsified and slandered, then I have not worked in vain, and with this as a basis, however small it may be, we shall be able to study the future.

Rizal, overall, just wanted to use the words of early Spaniards to refute the thesis of colonial apologists of his time. In his introduction, he said that:

Throughout these Islands are certain places where there is an abundance of rich gold deposits and other mineral products which are collected by the natives through washing or placer-mining. However after the Spaniards had settled in the island, the natives became more lax in mining gold, contenting themselves with what they already had in the form of jewelry and ancient ingots of gold, inherited from their forebears, which were abundant in themselves. In fact poor and indigent was indeed one who did not possess gold-chains, bracelets and earrings [260].

excerpts from Rizal's 1890 edition of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas:

The Indios on seeing the wealth aroused the capacity of the ecomenderos and soldiers, abandoned the work in the mines, and priest-historians relate that, in order to save them from vexations, they recommended to them such procedures.

Rizal's Annotation:

Noli Me Tangere

Crisostomo Ibarra

El Filibusterismo

Simoun

Basilio

social illnesses

an educated and active cetizenry

Educating the Filipinos is a common theme in most of Rizal's political writings.

In_______, the main character_______ wanted to build a school

for his countrymen. As the story continued to the second novel,_______,

Crisostomo Ibarra, who was seeking for revenge through his new identity______,

now had a more pro-active view on education, stating that simple education was not enough. In Chapter 7, Simoun was unmasked by______ and they had a debate regarding the youth's role in easing the sufferings of the country. For Basilio, being a physician who cured physical illnesses was already enough. Simoun, however, emphasized the importance of curing not only the physical illnesses but also the ______experienced by the country. Rizal, through Simoun, wanted students and professionals who are active in their chosen fields to be also involved in conversations regarding the status of the nation and in trying to address these societal issues. Rizal basically wanted_____.

encourage instruction (teaching), agriculture, and commerce.

education

male-dominated colonial society

educating oneself

Hans Christian Andersen's tales

When he returned in 1892 to establish the La Liga Filipina, one of the objectives of the organization was to________

Even in the marginalized status of women, Rizal viewed______ as a primary tool for their empowerment in a___________. When Rizal was in Dapitan, he dedicated his time to the community for the education of the children by building a school in the area and acting as their teacher. He also continuously emphasized to his sisters the value of_________by reading and grabbing every opportunity to learn. As an uncle, he also tried to inculcate these values to his nephews and nieces by translating_________ from German to cultivate their interest in reading

means to an end

fire

padre jose burgos

Cavite Mutiny of 1872

destabilizers

colonial regime

El Filibusterismo

lamp bomb

former teacher

Isagani

greater cause

E d u c a t i o n a s R e v o l u t i o n

Rizal also viewed education as a_______ . In Memorias de un Estudiante de Manila, he used the______to symbolize education. It was illuminating but the path towards it was dangerous and may eventually result to death. Looking back at Rizal's time, this representation of education was understandable since during the 1860's and the 1870's. Most Filipinos demanding for reforms were educated elites as well as native secular priests such as_______. The repressive colonial regime tagged students as destabilizers and there was a massive crackdown among intellectuals as well as their families especially after the_________ .

Tagging intellectuals as______continued through the 1880's and 1890's especially during the height of the propaganda movement in Europe. With Rizal as a central figure of the propaganda, he eventually became the main target of the_______and was executed on December 31, 1896. In his Memorias, however, Rizal emphasized that though the road to enlightenment was harsh, every step of the way was worth everything.

In_______, Rizal continued this symbolism of education as fire. Simoun's planned revolution was supposed to be ignited by an explosion of a custom-built _______. The inventor of the bomb was a ________. It was_____, a youth, who prevented the explosion and Simoun eventually failed in the end. Padre Florentino, in his last conversation w i t h S i m o n , stated that a revolution must be m a d e for a_______ .

revolutionary

freeing the mind from the darkness and bonds of ignorance

R i z a l a n d E d u c a t i o n •

Finally, Rizal viewed education as something______, not in a subversive and violent sense, but in________ . A free mind however must be aware of the different issues of his or her society. He or she must be actively engaged in trying to change society for the better.

Europe

what Europe had to offer

arts, sciences, medicine, engineering, and law

women, operas, parties, and expositions

beacon amidst the darkness

writing, studies, organization building

In_______, where they pursued greater studies, Rizal and his compatriots indulged in learning and a little pleasure from time to time. The primary reason for being there was to learn______. From the various fields of________, they never forgot to indulge in different pleasures such as__________. The convivialities of youth, where parents' hopes rested upon, were tested when it came to their rather conceived independence. Yet, not all of them became busy with the fancy; instead, a few kept their eyes on the goal. Rizal became one such________. He occupied himself with his_______ and even to a point of_________. He thirsted for learning and his hunger to align himself with like-minded individuals made him to stay focused on the goal. It was during this time that he met his fellow reformers and even some of his fellow scholars in various universities.

Padre Florentino

In the last chapter of his second novel, El Filibusterismo, Rizal had a message to

a specific group of people who held the key to the nation's future. It was from the lips of an old hermit of a priest,_______, that Rizal evoked his longing for a generation that would open its minds to the realities of society. He cried out with the following lines:

"Where are the youth who will consecrate their golden hours, their illusions, and enthusiasm for the welfare of their country? Where are they who would generously shed their blood to wash away so much shame, so much crime; so much abomination? Pure and spotless the victim has to be for the holocaust to be acceptable!... Where are you, youth, who will incarnate in yourselves the vigor of life that has fled from our veins, the purity of ideas that have been soiled in our minds and the fire of enthusiasm that has been extinguished in our hearts?... We wait for you, O youth! Come, for we await you!"

The call from beyond the grave maybe a bit eerie; nonetheless, this call resonated throughout the past century. Rizal, immortalized in his novels, spoke to a generation of Filipinos to carry on the task of fulfilling their duty of improving the nation from their forebears. His standards of the youth as being pure and noble were for something worthy of the country.

Each moment the youth dreams, it must be for the good of the nation. They fulfill their duties to their parents by performing well in school and this is reflective not only of the grades received but also of the critical thinking they do. Doing their obligation as learners moment by moment reflects their obedience to duties.

Every minute of their waking hour must be deliberate, aiming for something greater than them. They must not look at themselves with a sense of entitlement, but rather with deep regard for others. As they look upon the state of their community, society, and nation, they see themselves as either a contributor to endless mayhem or a world changer much like what Rizal envisioned them to be.

For more than three centuries, Spain dominated the Philippines, producing subjects in their likeness. Rizal wanted to break free from that mindset. As Filipinos living in a democratic and sovereign nation now, the youth experiences and enjoys what Rizal did not. They are now benefitting from the struggle of their forebears and e a c h m u s t continue to deliver advancements for the nation.

Malolos

Marcelo H. Del Pilar

The Letter to the Women of____ is a central document when talking about Rizal and his views regarding the role of women in nation building. It was written in 1889 at the request of_______ to encourage the women in Malolos in their attempt to establish a night school.

womanizer

nation building

Rizal was popularly depicted a______because of a long list of his ex-lovers. This depiction, however, fails to give him justice, for Rizal recognized the value of women especially in______. Rizal's letter to the women of Malolos is a work that showed his perception of the important role of women for emancipation of the nation.

Chinese-Mestizo clans

Bulacan

Tiongsons, Tantocos, Reyeses, and Santoses

Teodoro Sandico

Valeriano Weyler

social discourse

spanish friars

Native Priests

Royal Decree of 1863

1889

disseminating anti- government ideas

Marcelo H. del Pilar

As a brief background, the women of Malolos who belonged to_______in______ namely the_________ , were actively involved in the quest for educational reform. They wanted to study Spanish under_____and they personally gave their letter of request to then Governor General_______on December 12, 1888. Learning Spanish meant that the women might now participate in_______since it was the language used in politics._______during that time prohibited this attempt to learn to maintain control over women.__________in the Philippines, however, had always been supportive of the move to educate their fellow Filipinos, especially with the establishment of the_______ that aimed to educate all Filipinos, men and women, in Spanish. Yet, this was never realized since their Spanish counterparts did not allow the natives, especially the women, to learn the language. This was thought to aggravate the difficulties already faced by colonizers, adding to the problem of the colonial government's lack of teachers, funds, and schools to accommodate Filipinos..

Despite all the hindrances met by the women from Malolos, they never wavered; and by_____, they finally got what they wanted, provided that they funded their own education and that the classes were to be done at day and not at night. The school, however, was short-lived as Sandico was falsely accused of_______ in his school in May, 1889.

The propaganda movement commended the women's brave attempt to educate themselves. Propagandists like Graciano Lopez Jaena and Marcelo H. del Pilar wrote articles about them in La Solidaridad. _______was the one who requested Rizal to write a letter to the women of Malolos, Rizal obliged and on February 22, 1889, he sent del Pilar a letter written in Tagalog.

bravery

women’s education

raising of a child

spartan woman

high standards

The Role of Women in Nation-building

The following are the major points raised by Rizal in the letter he wrote for the young women of Malolos.

First, he commended the_____ of the young women especially in their quest to educate themselves emphasizing the role of reason over blind obedience, and their continuous search for wisdom.________is therefore one of the first prerequisites in empowering women in society and making them active citizens in the formation of the nation.

Second, in relation to education, he pointed out one of the most important roles of women, which was the______. As the first teachers of their children, at least in the traditional family settings, Rizal wanted the Filipino women to be the first to inculcate children with love for country and for learning. He used the _______as an example to illustrate this point.

Finally, Rizal stated the importance of______ in finding a partner. Women must not settle for less and they must find partners who were equally patriotic, noble, and manly.

Soledad Rizal Mercado

A.P. Purino

The Greatest Filipino Hero, Rizal

Germany

Trinidad

Gregorio Zaide

Donya Teodora

W o m e n in O t h e r Letters of Rizal

Aside from the letter to the women of Malolos, Rizal also emphasized the importance of women in some of his letters. Aside from his usual praise of how his mother taught them, he also continuously encouraged his sisters to pursue their education. For example, in a letter sent to his sister______on June 6, 1890, as translated by_____in the book Rizal:________

w r o t e :

I am pleased to know that you are dedicating yourself to teaching because I believe that in that profession, you will be obliged to improve yourself more and more. Try to be a model of good virtue and good traits, in as much as the one who teaches ought to be better than the persons who n e e d t o l e a r n virtues.

Rizal also appreciated the strong women of_______. In another letter addressed to his sister_______ on March 11, 1886, as translated by______, the German woman according to Rizal: ...is serious, diligent, educated, and friendly. She is not gossipy, frivolous, and quarrelsome like the Spanish woman. She is not particular about the beautiful dresses and expensive jewelry, though she could dress nicely like any other woman in the world. ..Now that you (Trinidad) are still young you should strive to read, read, and learn. You must not allow yourself to be conquered by indolence because it costs so little to cast if off.

Rizal's respect for women was cultivated through a strong women figure,______, who guided his childhood and through strong bonds with his sisters. Despite. growing up in a patriarchal or male-centric society that dictated women as passive individuals limited to stay at home, Rizal knew that women must play a more crucial role in building the nation and to him, it had to start with their proper education.

movements

enlightening

train and become an expert

literature, history, sciences, and poetry

_______ are fueled by one's desire for change and Rizal became a leader of a great movement. His passion was______ the minds of his fellow Filipinos. No matter how difficult it was, his mind was fixed on a much greater goal that he braved the different oceans and overcame all adversities be they in Madrid or Manila.

To become a leader, one must___________. As Rizal grew older, so did his intellectual capacity. He maintained this hunger-for knowledge, devouring countless books on_____among others. One essay he published reflected another view on Philippine history. Contrary to the accepted notion of Filipinos being wild and uncivilized, he found answers in books, correcting the flawed notion. His love for books gave him an advantage over his peers. He even earned distinctions and medals when he was a student, all because he willed himself and believed that what he was doing was not for his sake but for the betterment of his country.

intelligence and foresight

character

Indolence of the filipinos

contradiction

past and the present

future

physical sciences, social determinism, and the unity of opposites

martyrdom of Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora

second novel

In every great leader are certain qualities. These qualities are of______. Only then will his/her quality develop into his/her______. But in order to hone and have that character, he/she must be knowledgeable of the facts at hand. Rizal pursued different leads in his quest to find reliable evidence. The substantial claims that early Filipinos were civilized were a big leap in understanding the cause of the malady of society as what he did in_______. However, in another great work, he tried to extrapolate the play of______ between the_______while also giving an outline for the______. He suggested radical ways of investigating the malady, through the use of__________. With the aid of the physical sciences, he was to predict the independence of the country. According to social determinism, abuses and oppression bred the flame of revolt, and eventual freedom and emancipation was also at hand. On the unity of opposites, the organic spirit began to disintegrate leading to its eventual salvation.

Many became leaders for stepping to the challenge ahead and Rizal was no different. If it were not for the events in 1872, the________, for whom his_______is dedicated, Rizal would not have been inspired to learn more about the ills of the country and looked for ways to combat them. As a physician by training, this did not stop him from looking into other disciplines to express his thoughts and inspire others along the way.

education

Pen, bolo

We often hear Rizal's classical opinion on Philippine Revolution that the

"Filipinos were not yet ready for armed resistance against Spain in 1896". Equally popular was the primacy Rizal gave to_____. Likewise, Rizal allegedly indulged in reforms only and rejected revolution for an independent Filipino nation. These views, unfortunately, are perpetually passed on to future generations. Today, we tend to make false dichotomies between the Ilustrado and Masses, vis-à-vis. Reform vs. Revolution. We even make our heroes clash like chickens in a cockpit arena when we compare Rizal's_____ and Bonifacio's______.

This lesson analyzes the concepts of reform and revolution to see if Rizal's views really contradicted the aspiration of the Philippine Revolution of 1896.

Historian Renato Constantino

Veneration without understanding

repudiation of Philippines' national hero

revolution

Pio Valenzuela's

American-sponsored hero or a colonial hero

american imperialism

Floro Quibuyen

A Nation Aborted: Rizal, American Hegemony, and Philippine Nationalism

separate filipino nation

ferdinand blumentritt

Rizal's Separatist Stance

________, in his 1969 Rizal Day lecture, read his seminal article titled______. His main thesis centered on the______to the ______ of 1896 led by Andres Bonifacio and participated in by the masses, as attested by Rizal's December 15, 1896 manifesto to, a certain Filipino and_______prison testimony. Constantino even accused Rizal as an ________who in spirit supported the prolongation of_______; and a limited hero who only advanced the interests of his fellow lustrados. Constantino went beyond boundaries by prescribing the nation to replace Rizal in the pantheon of heroes with a "true" hero, who embodies the hopes and desires of the people.

The critical tone Constantino popularized became etched in the minds of Filipinos for a long period of time. It actually became the stardard critique on Rizal's heroism until recent works appeared conciliating the role of Rizal in the Philippine Revolution. Notable here was the work of______titled_________ . He vehemently accused Constantino and other writers who hastily and anachronistically studied Rizal. For Quibuyen, what was needed was careful reading of Rizal's correspondence, novels, essays, foundation of La Liga Filipina, and how Katipuneros and the Filipino masses in the 19th century perceived him. With this, it is necessary to point out some of the factors that led to the radicalization of Jose Rizal. As early as 1887-1888, Rizal had already been entertaining the possibility of a_______. In a letter to his friend _______, he stated that:

The Filipinos had long wished for Hispanization and they were wrong in aspiring for it. It is Spain and not the Philippines who ought to wish for the assimilation of the country.

(Rizal's Letter to Blumentritt on February 21, 1887)

The Calamba Hacienda Case

separatist stance

Manifestation of 1888

Austin Coates

gobernadorcillos of Manila

friars

________, which was personally led by Rizal during his brief detour in the Philippines in 1887 and the events that followed it greatly influenced his brewing______. The event on March 1, 1888, now known as the______, or what Historian______considered "the first public outcome of the influence of Noli me Tangere" was the first to affect him. The incident involved the_______who appealed to the civil governor for the expulsion of _____ in the Philippines. The petition was junked and as a response, those twenty- eight people who spearheaded the standoff were imprisoned. Rizal, upon learning this, wrote to his friend Blumentritt and expressed his emotions:

I believe that it is already late; the majority of Filipinos have already. lost the hope they have pinned on Spain! Now, we await our fate from God and from ourselves, but never any more from any Government!

(Rizal's Letter to Blumentritt on June 23, 1888)

Manuel Hidalgo

demolished

parents

chapter 10

mariano ponce

Lastly, of course, was when Rizal's family was directly affected by Spanish persecution: 1)______ , his brother-in-law, was deported to Bohol; 2) their house in Calamba was ______; and 3) his ______ were exiled in different parts of the archipelago. The pain caused by this event enabled him to immortalize and vindicate the people of Calamba in______ of his second novel El Filibusterismo (Wealth and Misery). A year had passed, but he could not forget the gruesome memory of Calamba evictions. All these made him realize that the best solution to combat the Spanish tyranny was to return to the Philippines. In a letter to______, he said:

I am thinking of returning [to the Philippines] as soon as possible, and let God say what is to happen...If one must die, let one die at least in his country, for his country and in the name of his country.

(Rizal's Letter to Mariano Ponce on July 1890)

independence

reform

Teodoro Agoncillo

clear method of achieving the goal of independence

the enlightenment of people, the development of a national sentiment, and a revolutionary spirit through liberty and education

inside

padre florentino

the slaves of today will be the tyrants of tomorrow

social darwinism

Pio Valenzuela's prison testimony

repudiation for revolution

opinion of Rizal about the Katipunan and the possible revolution

1. support from wealthy Filipinos

2. induce Antonio Luna

3. neutralize the unsympathetic to the cause of the secret society

rejection of Rizal to Katipunan

historian Leon Ma. Guerrero

judge advocate general

Rizal and the Philippine Revolution of 1896

It has been pointed out earlier that Rizal indeed aspired for a separate Filipino nation. His role in the Philippine Revolution of 1896 can now be easily understood. One must realize that for Rizal, the ultimate goal was_____and the clamor for it manifested in many ways._____ was one method, as clearly seen in his proposed constitution of La Liga Filipina in 1892. For him, however, reform was not the end of it all. One might argue that Rizal was ambivalent, or in the words of Historian_______,a "reluctant revolutionary." He had reservations since it might cost lives. What he had in mind was a________ . According to Rizal, Filipinos should know_________. Rizal was consistent in all of his writings after 1890 that the revolution must come from the "______" —meaning that the revolution should not change people; but rather we needed change within ourselves and this must come first before staging a revolution. The Filipinos must become disciplined and follow ethical standards. A learned man as he was, reading books of past revolutions in the world, Rizal was hesitant to stage an armed revolution only to replace the old colonial masters with new sets of tyrants._______, a character of El Filibusterismo reflected the state of mind of Rizal when he said that "_________." After all, Rizal adhered to the idea of_______- that any society will lead to freedom and emancipation after a long process of evolution. So, to him, why not wait for it if the goal could be achieved without bloodshed? The treasure chest beneath the sea floor explained it all.

We shall now return to the two main evidence of Constantino's attack on

_______Rizal in 1896 and the______in Rizal's December 15, 1898 manifesto to certain Filipinos. The first was the________. Pio Valenzuela was the one assigned to visit Rizal in Dapitan to tell him about the existence of a secret society, which was long preparing for a revolution since 1892. The classical reply of Rizal according to Valenzuela was that Rizal was not in favor of armed resistance: "No, no, no, a thousand times, no," Rizal allegedly uttered. But Valenzuela had a change of heart because in his 1914 memoir, he modified his statement by telling that Rizal had actually supported the revolution only if his standards were met: 1)_______; 2)_________, an educated person in terms of western military strategy in the movement; and lastly 3)__________ . Valenzuela also emphasized that Rizal advised him and the Katipunan to continue the revolution; and that when found out, they should kill before the Spaniards kill them. When asked if there was disagreements among the high ranks of the Katipunan regarding the opinion of Rizal, Valenzuela pointed out that there was no divide and members all agreed to Rizal; therefore the clash between Rizal and Bonifacio, like what the present-day critics of Rizal created, was non-existent in the 19th century Philippines.

Though one may argue the invalidity of the 1914 statement of Valenzuela because it was said long after his encounter with Rizal in Dapitan, one cannot deny the fact that his first statement about the rejection of________ may also be not credible. Pio Valenzuela was under duress that time and his motive of cleaning the name of Rizal was made in the context of Rizal's impending trial and execution. Nevertheless, whatever the true statement was, the Filipinos, especially uneducated Filipinos, had another picture of Rizal in their minds. We will discuss this in the next part.

In regard to the open condemnation of Rizal to Philippine Revolution, according to______, the statement of Rizal was never believed by the______, thus he refused to approve and issue it to people. Rizal's true purpose was to clear his name because he was then fighting for his life. Like a lawyer who was set to face trial, Rizal was attacking the credibility of his prosecutors when he offered his manifesto. Therefore, it was normal then to deviate himself from the revolution which in the first place, the foundation was beyond his knowledge. Below is the complaint of the Judge Advocate General on the manifesto of Rizal, as quoted by Guerrero:

[Rizal] limits himself to condemning the present rebellious movement as premature and because he considers its success impossible at this time, but suggesting between the lines the independence dreamed of can be achieved by means less dishonorable than those used at present by the rebels when the [level of culture of the people could serve as a most valuable factor in the struggle and as the guarantee of its success. For Rizal it is a question of opportunity, not of principles or objectives. His manifesto can be condensed into these words: 'Faced with the proofs of defeat, lay down your arms, my countrymen; I shall lead you to the Promised Land on a later day'. [426-427)

Reynaldo C. lleto

un-llustrado

tagalog christ

passion and death of christ

Mi Ultimo Adios

andres bonifacio

R i z a l a n d t h e R e v o l u t i o n i s t

The other side of Rizal's contribution to the Philippine Revolution should not be overlooked. Remember that most Filipinos had not read Rizal, for all his works were written in Spanish. Masses had in fact generated a different meaning of Rizal's persona based on the information they gathered or heard. According to historian_______, the fact that Rizal was seen in a very "________" way made the person more important to the revolution participated by religious Filipinos. Rizal was considered the ______, the epitome of Filipino sacrifice and his death by firing squad was a re-enactment of the______. His words in his ________, translated in Tagalog by______, became the rallying cry, a battle chant invoked during the actual battles for the Filipinos who believed in resurrection and s a l v a t i o n .

Paciano

separation from his family

Bellas artes (Fine Arts)

Escuela de San Fernando

medicine

ophthalmology

fort santiago to bagumbayan

calmness

There are a lot sacrifices made by Rizal in his lifetime._______ , his older brother, arranged for him to study abroad. The young Rizal has already reached his limit in the schools domestically and the brewing censorship and inequality did not provide him with an environment conducive for learning. His first sacrifice was ______so he could pursue his scholastic career abroad. Imagine the whirlwind of emotions he had to go through in order to unlock a better world! Rizal had to adapt quickly and transform into an adult for he was now alone with no brother or mother to lead him.

His pursuit of his love for arts was overshadowed by his medical degree. As a young man, he took up classes on the _______in ______, but did not pursue it for the main reason that upon his arrival in Spain, he continued his degree in______. While undergoing medical school, he became deeply immersed with the scientific method of problem solving. In order to treat a patient, one must find the cause first. As he studied the human anatomy and became fascinated about the different organs of the body, he finally decided to specialize in the field of_______. As he began to see the truth, he slowly knew that there was always a solution to every dilemma; so he transformed his mindset and focused on the ills of the country.

On the morning of that fateful day, December 30, 1896, Rizal was made to walk from his cell in_______ all the way to _______. The medical doctor checked his pulse and was surprised by the evidence of his______. Upon his final moments, Rizal remained firm that his death would also be part of the fight to liberate his dear Philippines. As he offered his life that day, Rizal became enshrined into the martyrs of heroes who fell victim to the harsh Spanish colonial government who was afraid ofwhat Rizal could do to the colonizers.

Upon hearing news of his death, the Katipuneros in their respective stronghold continued their struggle for emancipation knowing full well of the sacrifice brought forth by one of their inspiring figures. Though he may not be there to lead them, Rizal brought to light the shared angst and provided a new hope for his fellow Filipinos.

identity

indio

first filipino

confidence in the past, faith in the present, and hope for the future

Rizal's greatest achievement was by giving the natives of the Philippines their______. He was the first man who actually branded the Filipinos as "_____", thus making him the "______" according to Historian Leon Ma. Guerrero. Aside from this, he wanted to provide the Filipinos_____ .

nationalism

positive

negative

The concept of______ is arbitrary. It depends on who is talking and what culture is involved. For instance, the Americans have_____ nationalism which is based on their grand narratives of past victories in wars. The Philippines, on the other hand, is______ with its foundation deriving strength from a long colonial experience.

Morga's Sucesos

colonial ideologies of lazy native

ingrate

Filipinas Dentro de Cien Anos

Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos

national sentiment o r n a t i o n a l i s m

Vox populi, vox dei (the voice of the people is the voice of God)

political obligations to uplift the well-being of his/her subjects

justice and the common good.

Filipinas dentro de cien Anos and Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos

common good

the spirit or soul of the people" (el espiritu nacional)

a man in the Philippines is only an individual, he is not a member of a nation

soul

elias

filipino by heart

Rizal's encounter with_______at the British Museum and his intensive research there sparked his long interest to combat________and_______Filipinos through the appeal of history. Two essays were published in La Solidaridad due to this-"___________" and (1889-1890) and "_________" (1890). These works contained his ideas on________.

But before we delve into his idea on national sentiment, his concept of a nation is necessary to be established. Rizal's basic principle of a nation is the__________. It means that the ruler, whenever he/ she exerts power over the subjects, that ruler has_________ . The ruler, however, can in any way repress the subject. In such case, the subjects must perfect themselves despite perverted inclinations (like the tendencies toward indolence). It is therefore one's obligation to overcome struggles. Thus, when people aspire to harness their potentials by opposing injustice and promoting common good, they are actually fulfilling God's will. For Rizal, a community, a nation, therefore, is a moral community founded on ethical principles of_______

What was then Rizal's notion of national sentiment? Based on Rizal's

_____________, "national" means "collective," as opposed to "individual." It refers to the "_________" as against personal interest. In Filipinas dentro de cien Anos, he spoke of another concept-_____________. This can be interpreted as "the sense of solidarity created by the realization of a common misfortune and a common abasement." Thus, national sentiment for Rizal was about equipping the collective people with awareness of evils of the colonial system, while resisting evil and promoting the common good. Unfortunately, in Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos, Rizal said that "__________." What the Filipinos needed to combat this was liberty and education. These methods give "_____" necessary for a nation. A nation with "______", on the other hand, will encourage solidarity, sense of dignity, and concern for justice, hence, not vulnerable for tyrannical rule. All these traits were obviously absent in Simoun. No vronder Rizal killed him in his second novel. What the country needed was not a person like him who ran by personal interest, but rather an _____, who positioned the collective good of the nation above anything. The culmination of his ideas on national sentiment vas set to apply in his Liga Filipina, but sadly this organization was cut short when he was deported to Dapitan.

His concept of a Filipino was connected to what has been discussed earlier. For Rizal, being a Filipino by blood was not enough. A person who has love for the country, concern for the common good, and realizes the collective sufferings of Filipinos that is to say a "________" —can be considered a Filipino. Rizal's Austrian friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, whom he loved so much, was a "Filipino" for him. Thus, being a Filipino has to be proven, it is not something that one has when bom; but rather it is a project.