BIOFOUND 3.3 Cellular Respiration pt 1

to release energy in manageable steps, preventing waste and allowing for efficient energy production

why do cells break down glucose slowly in a metabolic chain?

makes and breaks ATP to store and release energy for the cell by adding or removing a phosphate group

how does the atp-adp cycle work?

electron carrier

a molecule that transfers electrons during chemical reactions, helping to move energy within the cell

by undergoing a chemical reaction, releasing energy that the cell can use for various processes.

how is substrate is used to capture energy?

electrons move through a chain, releasing energy that helps make ATP for the cell.

how is electron transfer used to capture energy in respiration?

ADP

a molecule that stores energy and can be converted into ATP by adding a phosphate group

NAD+

a molecule that helps transfer electrons in cells, playing a key role in energy production

NADH

the reduced form of NAD+, carrying electrons and energy to help produce ATP in cells

FAD

a molecule that carries electrons during cellular respiration, helping produce energy in cells.

FADH2

the reduced form of FAD, carrying electrons and energy to help produce ATP in cells

energy investment phase (stage 1 of glycolysis)

when 2 ATP molecules are used to add phosphate groups to glucose, preparing it for further breakdown

energy payoff phase (stage 2 of glycolysis)

when the glucose breakdown produces 4 ATP and 2 NADH, generating a net gain of 2 ATP for the cell.

2 ATP molecules are spent to phosphorylate glucose and its intermediates.

what molecules are spent or produced during the energy investment phase?

4 ATP and 2 NADH are produced, and 2 molecules of pyruvate are generated.

what molecules are spent or produced during the energy payoff phase?

net effect of glycolysis

the production of 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules from 1 glucose molecule

feedback inhibition

when the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme earlier in the pathway to prevent overproduction of the product

PFK (phosphofructokinase)

an enzyme that controls a key step in glycolysis by adding a phosphate group to fructose-6-phosphate, helping regulate the breakdown of glucose

by inhibiting it when ATP is abundant, slowing down glycolysis, and activating it when ATP is low, speeding up glucose breakdown for energy

how do cells use ATP levels to regulate PFK?

to ensure they produce the right amount of energy when needed, preventing waste and maintaining balance in cellular processes.

why must cells regulate the speed of glycolysis?