4.1 Industrial Revolution

anesthetic

drug that prevents pain during surgery

enclosure

process of taking over and combining lands formerly shared by peasant farmers

james watt

Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer known for improving the steam engine, significantly advancing the Industrial Revolution.

smelt

to separate iron from its ore

capital

money used to invest in enterprises

enterprise

buisness organization in an area such as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories

putting-out system

raw cotton distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread then wove the thread into cloth

Eli Whitney

invented cotton gin that separated seeds from raw cotton

turnpikes

private roads built by entrepreneurs who charged travelers a toll

Liverpool to manchester

2 English cities where the first major rail line was opened between in 1830

Scientific revolution + enlightenment bring about many changes

changes: cities grow, new inventions, medicine improves

Jethro Tull 

invented seed drill

robert bakewell

animal breeding, bettering farm animals

lord charles Townshend

told farmers to rotate crops + plant turnips to help soil

enclosure movement

land owners could take over common land + fence it in

joseph glidden

invented barbed wire; results: need less farm workers, unemployed go to factories, population increase + healthier

energy revolution

changes: steam engines instead of human/animal power

thomas newcomen

invented steam engine

james watt

improved steam engine

importance of coal

it powered steam engines

abraham darby

switched from charcoal to coal to melt iron ore

Why does industrial rev. start in Britain?

4 factors of production, geography (ports + navy, rivers), colonial empire, stable government that supported buisness

4 factors of production

1. large labor force b/c of unemployed farmers

2. natural resources; coal + iron

3. has a lot of capital/money to invest

4. entrepenours

textile industry

first industry that industrial rev. takes place in

problem with putting-out-system

inconsistant, slow, inefficent

John kay

invents flying shuttle - makes clothes faster

James Hargreaves (1764) 

invents spinning jenny - spins thread fast enough to keep up

Richard Arkwright (1769)

invents water frame - makes more cloth

Samuel Crompton (1779)

invents spinning mule - makes more cloth

Eli Whitney (1793

invented cotton gin - separates seeds from cotton

1791 Alexander Hamilton wrote “report on manufacturers”

argued America would be economically independent if it had the technology

1807 William cockerill

opens factories in belgium, technology spreads

samuel slater

spread technology to America, memorized plans to build machine

robert fulton

made steam ship

george stephenson

made first steam powered locomotive / train