A closer look

Antigen

/ˈæn.tɪ.dʒən/ Kháng nguyên The foreign antigen triggered a rapid primary immune response upon entering the bloodstream.

Antibody

/ˈæn.tiˌbɒd.i/ Kháng thể Specific antibodies bind tightly to viral proteins to neutralize the pathogen.

Immune response

/ɪˈmjuːn rɪˌspɒns/ Đáp ứng miễn dịch Immunocompromised patients often fail to mount an adequate immune response to vaccines.Vaccine/ˈvæk.siːn/Vắc-xin / Vắc xinmRNA vaccines represent a monumental breakthrough in modern preventive medicine.

Rh condition

/ˌɑːr ˈeɪtʃ kənˌdɪʃ.ən/ Tình trạng nhóm máu RhScreening for Rh condition during early pregnancy is crucial to prevent maternal alloimmunization.

Embryo

/ˈem.bri.əʊ/ Phôi thai The organogenesis stage in the human embryo occurs primarily during the first trimester.

Sensitize

/ˈsen.sɪ.taɪz/ Mẫn cảm / Làm cho mẫn cảm Exposure to Rh-positive red blood cells can sensitize an Rh-negative mother.

Miscarriage

/ˈmɪs.kær.ɪdʒ/ Sảy thai (tự nhiên) Recurrent miscarriage warrants a comprehensive biological and genetic evaluation.

Abortion

/əˈbɔː.ʃən/Nạo phá thai / Mất thai Therapeutic abortion may be indicated when severe maternal health risks arise.

Erythroblast

/ɪˈrɪθ.rə.blæst/ Nguyên hồng cầu Immature erythroblasts retain their nuclei before completing maturation into reticulocytes.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

/ˌhiː.məˈlɪt.ɪk dɪˈziːz əv ðə ˈnjuː.bɔːn/ Bệnh tán huyết ở trẻ sơ sinh Uncontrolled maternal Rh antibodies lead to severe hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Erythroblastosis fetalis

/ɪˌrɪθ.rəʊ.blæsˈtəʊ.sɪs fiːˈtæ.lɪs/ Bệnh nguyên hồng cầu phụng thaiErythroblastosis fetalis causes severe fetal anemia and can result in intrauterine heart failure.

Jaundice

/ˈdʒɔːn.dɪs/ Vàng da Neonatal jaundice frequently stems from physiologic immaturity of the infant's liver.

Yellow skin pigmentation

/ˈjel.əʊ skɪn ˌpɪɡ.mənˈteɪ.ʃən/ Sắc tố da vàng Visibly yellow skin pigmentation typically alerts clinicians to elevated serum bilirubin levels.

Hemolysis

/hɪˈmɒl.ɪ.sɪs/ Sự tán huyết / Vỡ hồng cầu Excessive intravascular hemolysis reduces hemoglobin concentration rapidly.

Bilirubin

/ˌbɪl.ɪˈruː.bɪn/ Bilirubin (sắc tố mật) Unconjugated bilirubin crosses the blood-brain barrier when levels exceed physiological thresholds.

Phototherapy

/ˌfəʊ.təʊˈθer.ə.pi/ Liệu pháp ánh sáng / Chiếu đèn Intensive phototherapy converts unconjugated bilirubin into water-soluble photoisomers.

Decompose

/ˌdiː.kəmˈpəʊz/ Phân hủy / Biến đổi Exposure to blue light causes bilirubin molecules to decompose into excretion-ready forms.

Excrete

/ɪkˈskriːt/ Bài tiết / Đào thải The kidneys effectively excrete water-soluble metabolic end-products.

Administer

/ədˈmɪn.ɪ.stər/ Dùng thuốc / Cho dùng Clinicians must administer Rh Immunoglobulin at 28 weeks of gestation to nonsensitized mothers.

Immunoglobulin

/ˌɪm.jə.nəʊˈɡlɒb.jə.lɪn/ Kháng thể ImmunoglobulinIntravenous immunoglobulin therapy is indicated in severe autoimmune blood disorders.

Club feet

/klʌb fiːt/ Bàn chân khoèo Congenital club feet can often be corrected non-surgically using serial casting techniques.

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

/ˌfiː.təl ˈæl.kə.hɒl ˈsɪn.drəʊm/ Hội chứng rượu ở thai nhi Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy can result in permanent deficits associated with fetal alcohol syndrome.

Congenital anomaly

/kənˈdʒen.ɪ.təl əˈnɒm.ə.li/ Dị tật bẩm sinh Early structural prenatal ultrasounds help detect major congenital anomalies.

Webbed finger

/webd ˈfɪŋ.ɡər/ Ngón tay có màng A webbed finger occurs when soft tissues fail to separate completely during embryonic hand development.

Syndactyly

/sɪnˈdæk.tɪ.li/ Tật dính ngón Surgical separation is the standard management strategy for congenital syndactyly.

Reye syndrome

/raɪ ˈsɪn.drəʊm/ Hội chứng Reye Aspirin use in pediatric viral infections is strictly avoided due to the lethal risk of Reye syndrome.

Intracranial pressure

/ˌɪn.trəˈkreɪ.ni.əl ˈpreʃ.ər/Áp lực nội sọ Monitoring intracranial pressure is mandatory in patients with severe cerebral edema.

Hypoglycemia

/ˌhaɪ.pəʊ.ɡlaɪˈsiː.mi.ə/ Hạ đường huyết Persistent hypoglycemia in newborns can lead to severe neurodevelopmental impairment.

Marfan syndrome

/ˈmɑː.fæn ˈsɪn.drəʊm/ Hội chứng Marfan Patients diagnosed with Marfan syndrome require routine echocardiography to monitor aortic root diameter.

Arachnodactyly

/əˌræk.nəʊˈdæk.tɪ.li/ Tật ngón tay/chân dài như nhện Arachnodactyly is a characteristic skeletal manifestation seen in connective tissue disorders.

Ophthalmic abnormality

/ɒfˈθæl.mɪk ˌæb.nɔːˈmæl.ə.ti/ Bất thường về mắt Lens dislocation is a primary ophthalmic abnormality observed in connective tissue syndromes.

Resectoscope

/rɪˈsek.tə.skəʊp/ Máy/Ống cắt nội soi The urologist carefully advances the resectoscope through the urethra into the bladder neck.

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

/ˌtrænz.jʊəˈriː.θrəl rɪˈsek.ʃən əv ðə ˈprɒs.teɪt/ Phẫu thuật cắt mổ nội soi tuyến tiền liệt qua đường niệu đạo Transurethral resection of the prostate remains a surgical benchmark for obstructive prostatic hyperplasia.

Irrigated

/ˈɪr.ɪ.ɡeɪ.tɪd/ Được bơm rửa The surgical field was continuously irrigated with sterile fluid to maintain optimal endoscopic vision.

Seal

/siːl/Hàn kín / Cầm máu Electrocautery is applied during TURP to seal bleeding microvessels effectively.

Hyperplasia

/ˌhaɪ.pəˈpleɪ.ʒə/ Tăng sản Benign prostatic hyperplasia frequently causes severe lower urinary tract symptoms in elderly men.

Urination

/ˌjʊə.rɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ Sự đi tiểu Dysuria and hesitancy are common symptoms affecting patient urination.

Ultrasonography

/ˌʌl.trə.səˈnɒɡ.rə.fi/ Kỹ thuật siêu âm Diagnostic ultrasonography provides real-time, non-invasive visualization of soft tissue structures.

Echocardiogram

/ˌek.əʊˈkɑː.di.ə.ɡræm/ Siêu âm tim / Biểu đồ siêu âm tim An echocardiogram revealed normal ejection fraction without structural valvular dysfunction.

Sonogram

/ˈsɒn.ə.ɡræm/ Hình ảnh siêu âm The clinical sonogram confirmed gestational age and verified fetal heart reactivity.