ACP Biology LAP 1

What is a Proton

Protons: positive charge, mass of 1 amu

What is a neutron

Neutrons: neutral charge

What is a electron

Electrons: negative charge, very small mass

cations

a positively charged ion that forms when an atom or molecule loses one or more electrons

anions

a negativly charged ion that forms when an atom or molecule loses one or more electrons

What is a ionic bond

one atom transfers an electron to another, creating opposite charges that attract to each other

what is a nonpolar covalent bond

two atoms share electrons equally

WHat is a polar covalent bond

two atoms with unequal sharing of electrons, creating partial charges

what is a hydrogen bond

a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to a lone pair of electrons on another nearby electronegative atom

Electronegativity

the tendency of an atom to attract electrons in chemical bonds

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus

atomic weight

the weighted average mass of an element's isotopes, based on their natural abundance on Earth

Know what the main important elements to all living things are.

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Nitrogen 

• Oxygen

• Phosphorus

• Sulfur

isotope

atoms of the same element (same number of protons) that have a different number of neutrons, resulting in different atomic masses and physical properties

ion

Versions of the same element with a different number of electrons

Elements missing an electron have a positive charge, called cations

Elements with an extra electron have a negative charge, called anions

Know what causes the reactive properties of elements

Number of valence electrons in the outer shell

polar molecules

not equal electron sharing; part of the molecule is slightly positive, and part is slightly negative

Nonpolar molecules

the molecule shares electrons equally; equal distribution of charges

Know how to determine and read PH

pH (power of hydrogen) scale goes from 0-14, 0 is most acidic, 14 is most basic/alkaline, 7 is nuetral (water)

logarithmic scale (0→1 10x, 1→2 100x, 1→3 1000x etc)

pH refers to the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution (H+)

H+=10^-pH

OH- =10^ -(14-pH)

The more hydrogen ions released, the more acidic a solution

The more hydroxide ions released (OH-), the more basic a solution

Cohesion

Molecules of the same substance sticking to each other

Causes surface tension

Adhesion

Molecules of different substances stick together

Causes capillary action

Surface Tension

Tension on the surface of a liquid that minimizes the surface area

Essentially its a property that pulls the liquid together

Causes water droplets

Specific Heat

Amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature

Water has a high specific heat

Know how to determine mass number

Number of protons + number of neutrons

Be able to identify the correct electron configuration for a given element

Shells: first 2, second 8

Know what makes something soluble in water

Polarity determines solubility

Like dissolves like

Water dissolves: polar substances, ionic compounds (pulls ions apart), molecules that hydrogen bond w/ water

Ex: sugars, salts

Not oils (they nonpolar)

Know how ice crystals form

Hydrogen bonds create a hexagonal structure within water, making it less dense than water

Know general information about Carbon bonding

Carbon is the backbone of all biological molecules (macromolecules)

All living things are made up of hydrocarbons

Carbon can bond to four other atoms

May form single, double, triple, or quadruple bonds

Geometric isomers

are a type of stereoisomer where atoms are connected in the same order but have different spatial arrangements due to restricted rotation around a double bond or in a ring structure

structural isomers

have the same molecular formula but differ in the order of atom connectivity, meaning they have different arrangements of atoms and bonds

Be able to identify function groups by sight and name

Amino: HNH

Hydroxyl: OH

Carboxyl: COOH

Carbonyl: CO

Sulfhydryl: SH

Phosphate: POOOHOH

Dehydration Synthesis

Monomers form larger molecules by condensation reactions called dehydration synthesis

A short polymer and a monomer bond to form a long polymer chain and water

Energy is used and water is created/taken out (dehydration)

Hydrolysis

Polymers disassemble by hydrolysis

Opposite of dehydration synthesis

Water is added to a long chain to break the bond and make a short chain and monomer

Energy is released

Know the differences between Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

Primary: the unique amino acid sequence

Secondary: local formations like alpha-helices and beta-sheets

Tertiary: the overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain

Quaternary: multiple polypeptide subunits assemble to form a functional protein complex

Know the different macromolecules and identify them from their chemical structure

Carbohydrates:

Usually end in OSE (ex: maltose, lactose)

Monomer of a carbohydrate is the monosaccharide

Ex: glucose

Two monosaccharides combine to form disaccarides

A lot of monosaccharides make a polysaccharide

Energy can be stored in polysaccaride form (ex: starch for plants, glycogen for animals)

Plants cell walls are carbohydrates (cellulose)

Glucose is used to make ATP (carbs are major source of energy)

Chemical Structure: CH2O ratio rings; forms linear structure with hydroxyl (OH) groups and carbonyl (C=O) groups

Lipids:

Fats and oils

Lots of different types (triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids)

Triglycerides are one glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids

Phospolips swithch a fatty acid with a phospate group

Made up of glycerol and fatty acids

They lack a true monomer because unlike others they do not have a repeating unit

Generally hydrophobic/won’t dissolve in water

Long term energy storage and insulation

Chemical Structure: nonpolar hydrocarbons (C-H), C=O

Proteins

Protein monomers are amino acids

Amino acids make polypeptide chains, many chains bind together to form proteins

Muscle tissue consists heavily of protein

Protein can also be receptors, enzymes, antibodies or protein channels

Chemical Structure: central carbon binded to a hydrogen (H), an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a side chain (R group)

Nucleic acids

Include DNA and RNA

Monomer of nucleic acids are nucleotides

Polymers are called polynucleotides

Cells contain all genetic info in nucleic acids

Hella complex chemical structure: pentose sugar (dexiribose/ribose), nitrogenous base (A, T/U, G, C), and a phosphate group

1 phosphate, 1 sugar, 1 nitrogen base

What are some examples of protein categories?

Enzymes

Structural

Transport

Defense

Why is carbons important in bio

• Forms several compounds and functional groups

Which bonds will be the toughest to break with water?

Covalent

Job of a carbohydrate

• Provides energy

Lipids

• Store long-term energy, provide structure to the cell membrane, and include steroids and hormones

The role of nucleic acids is?

• Store and transmit hereditary information

A change in the primary structure of a protein means?

• a change in the amino acid sequence

Hydrogen bonds are mainly in charge of determining proteins?

• Secondary structure

Alpha helixes and beta-pleated sheets refer to?

Secondary

Oxygen and Nitrogen (in terms of electrons)

• Have high electron affinity

R group interactions refer to what level of protein structure

tertiary

Amino acids R-groups can ahve the following properties

• Hydrophobic, Hydrophilic, Ionically charged

Hydrophobic amino acids fold ___ the 3d protein strucutre, while hydrophilic amino acids fold ____.

• Inwards… out

Oxygen in H20 bonds with _____ charged molecules; while Hydrogen bonds with ____ charged molecules.

• Positively… negativiely

Increased ocean acidification will

• Hinder the growth of corals

Water adheres easier to surfaces that are?

Polar

Denatured proteins?

• Can come sometimes renature and resume their function, can lose their function indefinitely

What can affect the functionality of enzymes(biological catalysts- which are proteins)

• PH, Protein Structure, Temperature

Covalent bonds___ electrons while ionic bonds _ electrons and attract due to their____

• Share, transfer, charges

96% of living matter is made up of?

• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

What can cause proteins to denature?

• Extreme heat and PH

Macromolecules have C, O, H etc. atoms that form (intramolecular)

• Covalent bonds

How do organisms obtain the carbon necessary to make their own organic compounds?

• Obtain nutrients from other organism and break them down to build their own

Carbohydrates come in?

• Monomers, branches, chains

Monomers bond together through?

• dehydration synthesis

Process used to break macromolecules?

Hydrolysis

Saturated fats are ___ at room temperature while unsaturated fats are___?

• Solid, liquid

Sulfur bonds?

• Increase protein stability

DNA has a ____ sugar backbone, while RNA has ___?

Deoxyribose, ribose

Protons have a ___ charge; neutrons have a ___ charge; electrons have a ___ charge.

• +, 0, -

In ____ bonds, electrons are unequally shared?

• Polar covalent

What type of bond allows water molecules to stick together (cohesion)?

Hydrogen

The term hydrophilic means?

• Water soluble

A pH of 13?

• Strong base

Acids have an excess of _____?

• Hydrogen ions

The purpose of a buffer is to?

• Minimize pH change

This element is important because it can form large, complex, diverse molecules?

Carbon

____ reactions create polymers from monomers?

• Dehydration

These compounds are all hydrophobic and function in energy storage?

Lipids

These compounds are broken down to produce ATP and are structural components of cell walls?

• Carbohydrates

Glucose is an example of a ____?

Carbohydrates

___ make up cell membranes?

Phospholipids

Steroid hormones are examples of __?

Lipids

The monomer of this macromolecule is an amino acid?

Protein

Genetic material like DNA and RNA are examples of this organic macromolecule?

• Nucleic Acids

In proteins, ____ structure delas with alpha helices and beta pleated sheets?

Secondary

In proteins, ___ structure delas with side chain interactions?

Tertiary

In proteins, ___ structure is the unique sequence of amino acids?

Primary

When a protein is ___ it loses its shape and ability to function properly?

Denatured

In proteins, ___ structure refers to the joining of multiple polypeptide chains?

Quaternary

The monomer of this organic macromolecule is a monosaccharide?

Carbohydrates

This is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

5- carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group= a ____?

Nucleotide

____ is single-stranded and does not have thymine?

RNA