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WHAT IS INTERSTITIAL FLUID & ITS ROLE?
- FLUID THAT SURROUNDS AND BATHES THE CELLS IN THE BODY
-HELPS TRANSPORT NUTRIENTS, OXYGEN, AND WASTE PRODUCTS BETWEEN BLOOD & CELLS
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
-TRANSPORTS OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, METABOLIC WASTES, NUTRIENTS, HEAT, AND HORMONES
WHAT DOES BLOOD REGULATE
-pH
-BODY TEMP.
-WATER CONTENT OF CELLS
WHAT IS THE pH RANGE OF BLOOD?
- 7.35-7.45
WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF BLOOD?
-PLASMA (~55%)
-RBC (~45%)
-BUFFY COAT (WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND PLATELETS, <1%)
WHAT IS PLASMA MADE UP OF?
-91.5% WATER
-7% PLASMA PROTEINS
-1.5% OTHER SUBSTANCES
WHAT ARE THE THREE PLASMA PROTEINS AND HEIR FUNCTIONS?
-ALBUMIN (maintains osmotic pressure)
-GLOBULINS (immune response)
-FIBRINOGEN (blood clotting)
WHERE ARE THE BLOOD CELLS FORMED IN THE EMBRYO
YOLK, SAC, LIVER, SPLEEN, THYMUS, LYMPH NODES, AND RED BONE MARROW
WHERE ARE THE BLOOD CELLS FORMED IN ADULT
ADULT: RED BONE MARROW OF FLAT BONES (STERNUM, RIBS, SKULL, PELVIS) AND ENDS OF LONG BONES
BENEFITS OF ERYTHROCYTES NOT HAVING A NUCLEUS OR ORGANELLES?
MORE SPACE FOR HEMOGLOBIN, INCREASING OXYGEN-CARRYING CAPACITY
DOWNSIDES OF ERYTHROCYTES NOT HAVING A NUCLEUS
NO ABILITY FOR SELF-REPAIR OR DIVISION LEADING TO A LIMITED LIFESPAN
WHAT ARE TWO PARTS OF HEMOGLOBIN
-GLOBIN
-HEME
WHAT PART OF HEMOGLOBIN COMBINES WITH OXYGEN
THE IRON ION IN THE HEME BINDS TO OXYGEN
WHAT IS THE MAIN STIMULUS FOR ERYTHROPOIESIS
-HYPOXIA (LOW OXYGEN LEVELS IN TISSUES)
WHERE IS ERYTHROPOIETIN PRODUCED?
-KIDNEYS
WHAT REMOVES OLD RBC? WHERE ARE THEY LOCATED
-FIXED MACROPHAGES IN THE SPLEEN & LIVER REMOVE WORN-OUT RBCS
STEPS TO THE RECYCLING OF HEMOGLOBIN: GLOBIN
BROKEN DOWN INTO AMINO ACIDS AND REUSED FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
STEPS TO THE RECYCLING OF HEMOGLOBIN: HEME
-IRON IS REMOVED, STORES, OR TRANSPORTED VIA TRANSFERRIN
-NON-IRON PORTION BECOMES BILIRUBIN, WHICH IS EXCRETED IN BILE
STEPS TO THE RECYCLING OF HEMOGLOBIN: IRON
STORED IN FERRITIN OR HEMOSIDERIN IN THE LIVER OR TRANSPORTED BY TRANSFERRIN IN THE BLOOD
POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF ARTIFICIAL BLOOD?
-NO BLOOD TYPE COMPATIBILITY ISSUES
-EASIER STORAGE
-NO RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS
WHAT TYPE OF DONOR IS BLOOD TYPE O-
UNIVERSAL DONOR( CAN DONATE TO ANYONE)
WHAT TYPE OF DONOR IS BLOOD TYPE AB+
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT ( CAN RECEIVE FROM ANYONE)
WHY DO WE CARE ABOUT BLOOD TYPING?
INCORRECT BLOOD TRANSFUSION CAN TRIGGER IMMUNE REACTIONS LEADING TO SHOCK, KIDNEY FAILURE, AND EVEN DEATH
WHAT IS AGGLUTINATION
CLUMPING OF RBCS DUE TO ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS
WHAT IS CLOTTING
FORMATION OF FIBRIN MESH TO STOP BLEEDING
TYPES OF ANEMIA: IRON DEFICIENCY
LACK OF IRON ABSORPTION OR EXCESSIVE LOSS
TYPES OF ANEMIA: PERNICIOUS
LACK OF INTRINSIC FACTOR FOR B12 ABSORPTION
TYPES OF ANEMIA: HEMORRHAGIC
BLOOD LOSS DUE TO BLEEDING
TYPES OF ANEMIA: HEMOLYTIC
DEFECTS IN CELL MEMBRANE CAUSING RUPTURE
TYPES OF ANEMIA: THALASSEMIA
GENETIC HEMOGLOBIN DEFICIENCY
TYPES OF ANEMIA: APLASTIC
BONE MARROW DESTRUCTION
TYPES OF ANEMIA: SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA
ABNORMAL HEMOGLOBIN CAUSING SICKLE-SHAPED RBCs
ANEMIA
LOW RBC COUNT OR HEMOGLOBIN
POLYCYTHEMIA
EXCESS RBCs (>65%)
HEMATOCRIT
% OF BLOOD OCCUPIED BY RBCS
HEMOPOIESIS/HEMATOPOIESIS
FORMATION OF RBCs
ERYTHROCYTE
RED BLOOD CELL
LEUKOCYTE
WHITE BLOOD CELL
THROMBOCYTE
PLATELETS (HELPS WITH CLOTTING)
ERYTHROPOIETIN
HORMONE STIMULATING RBC PRODUCTION
THROMBOPOIETIN
HORMONE STIMULATING PLATELET PRODUCTION
CYTOKINES
PROTEIN THAT REGULATE IMMUNE RESPONSES
ERTHROPOIESIS
RBC PRODUCTION
HYPOXIA
LOW OXYGEN LEVELS
RETICULOCYTE
IMMATURE RBC WITH REMNANTS OF ROUGH ER
ANTIGEN
SUBSTANCE THAT TRIGGERS AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
ANTIBODY
PROTEIN THAT BINDS TO ANTIGEN
