NPTE Medications Review

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24 Terms

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Beta - Blockers

Hint: usually ends in "olol"

Drug names: Athenolol, Metaprolol, Carvedilol, labetalol, propanolol

Indication: CAD, HTN, Arrhythmias

Effects: Decrease HR and BP, bronchoconstriction

Side Effects related to PT:

-HR unreliable (use RPE)

-dizziness

-Orthostatic hypotension

-venous pooling

-PR interval increases

<p>Hint: usually ends in "olol"</p><p>Drug names: Athenolol, Metaprolol, Carvedilol, labetalol, propanolol</p><p>Indication: CAD, HTN, Arrhythmias</p><p>Effects: Decrease HR and BP, bronchoconstriction</p><p>Side Effects related to PT:</p><p>-HR unreliable (use RPE)</p><p>-dizziness</p><p>-Orthostatic hypotension</p><p>-venous pooling</p><p>-PR interval increases</p>

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Ca Channel Blockers

hint: PINES and ZEMS

Drug names: Amlodipine, verapamil, diltiazem, felodipine, nifedipine

Indication: CAD, HTN, arrhythmias

Effects: Decrease HR and decrease BP

Side effects related to PT:

-orthostatic hypotension

-dizziness/lightheadedness

-palpitations

-venous pooling

-use RPE

<p>hint: PINES and ZEMS</p><p>Drug names: Amlodipine, verapamil, diltiazem, felodipine, nifedipine</p><p>Indication: CAD, HTN, arrhythmias</p><p>Effects: Decrease HR and decrease BP</p><p>Side effects related to PT:</p><p>-orthostatic hypotension</p><p>-dizziness/lightheadedness</p><p>-palpitations</p><p>-venous pooling</p><p>-use RPE</p>

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Lasix (furosemide)

Loop Diuretic

Mechanism: inhibits water and electrolytes from loop of henle

Gets rid of things that attract water (Ca, Na, K) therefore end up with hypo-kalemia, calcemia and nautremia

-Inside of just throwing of the bad food - they throw the whole fridge away

Indications: HTN, Edema, CHF, Pulmonary edema

Side effects related to PT:

-Tinnitus

-Hypokalemia

-Hypocalcemia

-Hyponatremia

-dehydration

-hypotension

-reflex tachycardia

-dizziness

-lethargy

-Upper stomach pain

<p>Loop Diuretic</p><p>Mechanism: inhibits water and electrolytes from loop of henle</p><p>Gets rid of things that attract water (Ca, Na, K) therefore end up with hypo-kalemia, calcemia and nautremia</p><p>-Inside of just throwing of the bad food - they throw the whole fridge away</p><p>Indications: HTN, Edema, CHF, Pulmonary edema</p><p>Side effects related to PT:</p><p>-Tinnitus</p><p>-Hypokalemia</p><p>-Hypocalcemia</p><p>-Hyponatremia</p><p>-dehydration</p><p>-hypotension</p><p>-reflex tachycardia</p><p>-dizziness</p><p>-lethargy</p><p>-Upper stomach pain</p>

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Spironalactone (Aldactone)

Spiro spares potassium

Potassium (K+) sparing diuretic

Mechanism: competitive binding of receptors at the aldosterone-dependent Na+ and K+ exchange site of distal convoluted renal tubule

Indications: HTN, CHF, Combined with other drugs causing hypokalemia

Side effects:

-dizziness

-Dry mouth

-vomiting

-hyperkalemia

-gynecomastia (enlarged beast tissue in males)

<p>Spiro spares potassium</p><p>Potassium (K+) sparing diuretic</p><p>Mechanism: competitive binding of receptors at the aldosterone-dependent Na+ and K+ exchange site of distal convoluted renal tubule</p><p>Indications: HTN, CHF, Combined with other drugs causing hypokalemia</p><p>Side effects:</p><p>-dizziness</p><p>-Dry mouth</p><p>-vomiting</p><p>-hyperkalemia</p><p>-gynecomastia (enlarged beast tissue in males)</p>

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Thiazides (hydrochlorothiazide)

Diuretic

Mechanism: blocks Na and Cl channels in distal convoluted tubule of nephron and inhibit the reabsorption of Na and water

Indications: HTN, CHF, Edema

Side effects:

-vision problems

-excessive thirst

-hypercalcemia

-hyperuricemia

-hyperlipidemia

-weakness

(should not be used in elderly, DM renal dysfunction)

<p>Diuretic</p><p>Mechanism: blocks Na and Cl channels in distal convoluted tubule of nephron and inhibit the reabsorption of Na and water</p><p>Indications: HTN, CHF, Edema</p><p>Side effects:</p><p>-vision problems</p><p>-excessive thirst</p><p>-hypercalcemia</p><p>-hyperuricemia</p><p>-hyperlipidemia</p><p>-weakness</p><p>(should not be used in elderly, DM renal dysfunction)</p>

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ACE inhibitors

hint= PRILS

Drug names: Benazepril, captopril, enalapril, lisinopril

Indications: blocks ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) to reduce BP, CHF and HTN

Side effects:

-orthostatic hypotension

-hyponatremia

-hyperkalemia

-Dry hacking cough

-decreased taste

-angiodema

-dizziness and tiredness

<p>hint= PRILS</p><p>Drug names: Benazepril, captopril, enalapril, lisinopril</p><p>Indications: blocks ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) to reduce BP, CHF and HTN</p><p>Side effects:</p><p>-orthostatic hypotension</p><p>-hyponatremia</p><p>-hyperkalemia</p><p>-Dry hacking cough</p><p>-decreased taste</p><p>-angiodema</p><p>-dizziness and tiredness</p>

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ARB blockers

Hint= SATANS

Drug names: Losartan, Telmisartan, candesartan

Mechanism: Block angiotensin II receptors thereby decreasing effects of angiotensin II (decrease bp)

Indication: HTN, CHF, Intolerant to ACE

Side effects:

-hypotension

-dizziness

-lightheadedness

-fatigue

-Hyperkalemia

<p>Hint= SATANS</p><p>Drug names: Losartan, Telmisartan, candesartan</p><p>Mechanism: Block angiotensin II receptors thereby decreasing effects of angiotensin II (decrease bp)</p><p>Indication: HTN, CHF, Intolerant to ACE</p><p>Side effects:</p><p>-hypotension</p><p>-dizziness</p><p>-lightheadedness</p><p>-fatigue</p><p>-Hyperkalemia</p>

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Digitalis

-Hint= Digoxins is full of toxins

Drug names: Digoxin, lanoxin

Mechanism: slows down HR but increases CO

Indications: Systolic dysfunction in pt with CHF

Side effects:

-toxicity

-prolonged PR interval

-Shortened QT interval

-arrhythmias

-fatigue

-palpitations

-GI disturbances

-hyperkalemia

-confusion and delirium

Image: ECG changes indicating possible digoxin toxicity

<p>-Hint= Digoxins is full of toxins</p><p>Drug names: Digoxin, lanoxin</p><p>Mechanism: slows down HR but increases CO</p><p>Indications: Systolic dysfunction in pt with CHF</p><p>Side effects:</p><p>-toxicity</p><p>-prolonged PR interval</p><p>-Shortened QT interval</p><p>-arrhythmias</p><p>-fatigue</p><p>-palpitations</p><p>-GI disturbances</p><p>-hyperkalemia</p><p>-confusion and delirium</p><p>Image: ECG changes indicating possible digoxin toxicity</p>

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Nitrates

NTG

Mech: vasodilation of arterial and venous vessels

Drug name: nitroglycerine, nitrostat

Indication: angina pectoris

Taken: sublingually

Side effects:

-dizziness

-lightheadedness

-orthostatic hypotension

- headache

-flushing

-reflex tachycardia

If pt taken 3 tablets and still no relief, may have MI, call EMS

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Anti-coagulants

Hint= "IN" to keep the blood flowINg

Drug Names: Warfarin (coumadin), heparin

Mech: inhibits vit K, prevents synthesis of clotting factor

Uses: DVT, MI, Stroke

-Bleeding

-easy brusing

-hemorrhage

-hemarthrosis (a condition of articular bleeding, that is into the joint cavity)

-lightheadedness

INR: can be 2-3 if on anticoagulants

<p>Hint= "IN" to keep the blood flowINg</p><p>Drug Names: Warfarin (coumadin), heparin</p><p>Mech: inhibits vit K, prevents synthesis of clotting factor</p><p>Uses: DVT, MI, Stroke</p><p>SE</p><p>-Bleeding</p><p>-easy brusing</p><p>-hemorrhage</p><p>-hemarthrosis (a condition of articular bleeding, that is into the joint cavity)</p><p>-lightheadedness</p><p>INR: can be 2-3 if on anticoagulants</p>

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Anti-Platelets

Drug names: Aspirin

Clopidogrel

Mech: prevents aggregation of platelets

Uses: Prevent stroke, MI

-peptic ulcers, gastritis, risk of internal bleeding

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Selective NSAIDS

Celebrex (celebroxib)

Mech: only blocks COX2

Use: anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic

-Increased risk for MI or stroke

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Non-selective NSAIDS

Hint: common over the counter pain meds ->

AIM

Drug names: Aspirin, Ibuprofen and Motrin

Use: anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic

-Gastric ulcers

-bleeding

-N/V

<p>Hint: common over the counter pain meds -></p><p>AIM</p><p>Drug names: Aspirin, Ibuprofen and Motrin</p><p>Use: anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic</p><p>SE</p><p>-Gastric ulcers</p><p>-bleeding</p><p>-N/V</p>

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Acetaminophen

Tylenol

Mech: blocks pain

Uses: antipyretic, analgesic, headache (NOT anti-inflam)

-Overuse causes liver damage --> jaundice, clay colored stool

-NO more than 5 tablets (500 mg) a day

<p>Tylenol</p><p>Mech: blocks pain</p><p>Uses: antipyretic, analgesic, headache (NOT anti-inflam)</p><p>SE</p><p>-Overuse causes liver damage --> jaundice, clay colored stool</p><p>-NO more than 5 tablets (500 mg) a day</p>

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Opiods

Drug Names: morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, fetanyl

Mech: Works at CNS

-Respiratory and CNS depression

-Bradycardia

-Constipation

-Slowed breathing

-ADDICTION

-take 30 min prior to therapy

Antidote for overdoes: Nalaxone

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Benzodiazepines

Hint: pams and ams for amxiety

Drug names: Diazepam (valium), clonazepam, Alprazolam (Xanax)

Mech: works on CNS

Uses: anxiety, insomnia, alcohol withdrawal, muscle spasms

-dizziness

-Hallucinations

-Drowsiness

-Sedation

-Fatigue

-Hypotonia

-Increased risk of falls

<p>Hint: pams and ams for amxiety</p><p>Drug names: Diazepam (valium), clonazepam, Alprazolam (Xanax)</p><p>Mech: works on CNS</p><p>Uses: anxiety, insomnia, alcohol withdrawal, muscle spasms</p><p>SE</p><p>-dizziness</p><p>-Hallucinations</p><p>-Drowsiness</p><p>-Sedation</p><p>-Fatigue</p><p>-Hypotonia</p><p>-Increased risk of falls</p>

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Cyclobenzaprine

Drug Name: Flexeril

Mech: works on CNS

Use: mm spasms, myofascial pain syndrome, fibromyalgia

-dry mouth

-drowsiness

-dizziness

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Baclofen

Mech: on CNS

Use: Muscle spasticity in pt with MS, SCI and CO

-hypotonia

-confusion

-increased risk of falls

-shallow breathing

Tx: orally or intrathecally

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Botulinum Toxin

Botox

Mech: Works on CNS to block ACh

Use: muscle spasticity in CP

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Pregablin

Lyrica

Use: neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, SCI and postherpeutic neuralgia

-EDEMA

-weight gain

-tingling in hands and feet

-dizziness and drowsiness

-DO NOT STOP ABRUPTLY

<p>Lyrica</p><p>Use: neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, SCI and postherpeutic neuralgia</p><p>SE</p><p>-EDEMA</p><p>-weight gain</p><p>-tingling in hands and feet</p><p>-dizziness and drowsiness</p><p>-DO NOT STOP ABRUPTLY</p>

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Bronchodilator

Mech: agent causing the bronchi to widen

Beta-2 agonists

Kinds:

Short acting- Salbutamol, Albuterol(Ventolin)

Long acting- Salmeterol, formoterol

Use: COPD, BA

-tremors

-palpitations (Inc HR)

-GI disturbances

-Dry mouth

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Corticosteroids

Hint: Long use of the "-ones" causes issues with the bones

Drug Names: Methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, Prednisone

Mech: inhibit inflammatory process

-Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison's Disease- decreased cortisol and aldosterone)

-immunosuppression

-cataracts

-Osteoporosis

-Hyperglycemia

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Statins

Drug names: atorvastatin (Crestor) simvastatin (Lipitor), and rosuvastatin calcium (Zocor)

Mech: high cholesterol

-muscle pain

-confusion

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Omeprazole

Prilosec

Mech: Proton pump inhibitor

Use

-acid reflux/GERD

-stomach pain

-cold symptoms

-fever