lecture 1

Anatomy is the study of…

The structure of the human body

Physiology is the study of…

How the body works

Pathology is the study of…

Disease

Organise the body from the smallest unit to largest unit → tissue, organ, atom, organism, cell, molecule, organ system

Atom - molecule - cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism

Describe the anatomical position (4 points)

The body stands upright, feet parallel, arms at sides, and palms facing forward

What does anterior mean?

At the front of the body

What does posterior mean?

At the back of the body

What does superior mean?

Higher or above another structure

What does inferior mean?

Lower or below another structure

What does medial mean?

Closer to the midline of the body

What does lateral mean?

Further away from the midline of the body

What does proximal mean?

Limbs only - closer to the trunk of the body (point of attachment)

What does distal mean?

Limbs only - further from the trunk of the body (point of attachment)

What does superficial mean?

Closer to the surface of the body

What does deep mean?

More internal or further from the surface

What does ipsilateral mean?

On the same side of the body

What does contralateral mean?

On the opposite side of the body

Name the nine abdominopelvic regions

Top row - right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac

Middle row - right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar

Bottom row - right iliac, hypogastric (pubic), left iliac

What is the use of the abdominopelvic regions? (2 points)

Used to identify specific organs - in specific abdominal locations

State the four abdominopelvic quadrants

Right upper quadrant

Left upper quadrant

Right lower quadrant

Left lower quadrant

What is the use of the abdominopelvic quadrants? (2 points)

Used to identify pain - in specific abdominal locations

The sagittal plane divides the body into…

Left and right portions

Movements in the sagittal plane move…and these movements are…

Forwards and backwards - flexion, extension and hyperextension

The frontal/coronal plane divides the body into…

Front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

Movements in the frontal/coronal plane move…and these movements are…

Side-to-side - abduction and adduction

The transverse/horizontal plane divides the body into…

Top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portions

Movements in the transverse/horizontal plane are…and these movements are…

Twisting movements - general rotation, medial (internal) rotation, lateral (external) rotation and circumduction

What is flexion? (2 points)

Bending a joint - decreases the angle between two bones

What is extension? (2 points)

Straightening a joint - increases the angle between bones

What is hyperextension?

Continuing extension beyond the anatomical position

What is abduction?

Movement away from the midline of the body

What is adduction?

Movement towards the midline of the body

What is general rotation?

A body segment turns around its long axis

What is medial (internal) rotation?

Rotating a limb towards the midline

What is lateral (external) rotation?

Rotating a limb away from the midline

What is circumduction?

A circular movement involving all three planes

Which movements does circumduction combine? (4)

Flexion - abduction - extension - adduction

What is dorsiflexion?

Movement of the foot upwards towards the body

Which plane of movement does dorsiflexion use?

Sagittal plane

What is plantarflexion?

Movement of the foot downwards away from the body

Which plane of movement does plantarflexion use?

Sagittal plane

What is eversion? (2 points)

Turning the sole of the foot outwards - away from the midline

What plane of movement does eversion use?

Frontal/coronal plane

What is inversion? (2 points)

Turning the sole of the foot inwards - towards the midline

What direction does eversion move?

Laterally

What direction does inversion move?

Medially

What plane of movement does inversion use?

Frontal/coronal plane

State the 6 main elements of the human body

Oxygen (65%)

Carbon (18%)

Hydrogen (10%)

Nitrogen (3%)

Calcium (1.5%)

Phosphorus (1%)

How many elements are found in the human body?

24

What is an atom?

The smallest unit of matter

What is a molecule?

Atoms joined together

What is an element?

Molecules made of same type of atoms

What is a compound?

Molecules made of different type of atoms

What is homeostasis? (2 points)

The body’s ability to maintain a constant internal environment - despite changes in the external environment

Give 4 examples of what the body regulates through homeostasis

Body temperature

Blood pH

Blood glucose

Oxygen levels

Hydrogen levels

Blood pressure

Fluid balance

Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium)

What is a set point in a feedback loop in homeostasis?

The normal range for a variable needed for life

What is the set point of blood pH in humans?

7.35-7.45

What is a stimulus in a feedback loop with an example? (2 points)

A change away from the set point - e.g. body temperature rises

What is a receptor in a feedback loop with an example? (2 points)

It detects the stimulus and sends a nerve impulse - e.g. temperature receptors in the skin

What is the role of control centre in a feedback loop with an example? (2 points)

It compares the value to the set point and decides what to action to take - usually the brain or central nervous system

What is an effector in a feedback loop with an example? (2 points)

It causes a response to correct the stimulus - e.g. sweat glands

What is a negative feedback loop?

A response that reduces or reverses the original stimulus

What is the purpose of negative feedback?

To bring the body back to normal (homeostasis)

What happens first when body temperature rises?

Receptors detect the increase in temperature

What does the control centre do when temperature rises?

The brain responds to the change

What effectors are activated when the body temperature rises?

Sweating - evaporates heat off the body

Vasodilation - blood vessels dilate