Comprehensive Chemistry Review: History, Chemical Substances, and Reactions

Flashcards testing knowledge on history of chemistry, chemical substances and personal care labels, and chemical reaction types, balancing, and kinetics.

What is the definition of chemistry according to the lecture notes?

Chemistry is the study of matter and its interactions, exploring the composition, structure, and properties of substances.

When and where was Louis Pasteur born, and when did he die?

Louis Pasteur was born in Dole, France on December 27, 1822, and died on September 28, 1895, in Saint-Cloud, France.

What discovery did Louis Pasteur make in 1848 regarding tartaric acid?

He discovered molecular asymmetry in tartaric acid crystals.

What major breakthrough in vaccination did Louis Pasteur achieve in 1885?

He successfully administered the first rabies vaccine to Joseph Meister.

What Latin phrase did Louis Pasteur use to state that life only comes from pre-existing life?

"Omne vivum ex vivo".

How was disease explained prior to the acceptance of the germ theory in the 19th century?

Disease was explained as bad seeds in the air known as miasma.

Who constructed one of the earliest microscopes and discovered micro-organisms that he called "animalcules"?

Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek.

What magnification power was achieved by the microscope developed by Joseph Lister in 1830?

It could magnify $\times 1000$.

What is the fundamental difference between abiogenesis and biogenesis?

Abiogenesis states that life arose from nonliving matter, whereas biogenesis states that life originates from pre-existing life.

Who proposed the Theory of Spontaneous Generation in 350 B.C., and what vital element did he propose was present in nonliving material?

Aristotle proposed it in "On the Generation of Animals", stating that life arose from nonliving material if it contained "pneuma" (vital heat).

What does the Beneath the Ice Theory (or Subglacial Life Theory) propose regarding the origin of life?

It suggests that life could exist in liquid water reservoirs beneath thick ice layers maintained by geothermal heat or tidal forces.

What was the setup and conclusion of Francesco Redi's 1668 experiment?

Redi placed decaying meat in open and gauze-covered jars and showed that maggots arose only from eggs laid by flies on the open jar, disproving spontaneous generation in meat.

Why was John Needham's 1745 experiment criticized after he claimed to prove spontaneous generation?

His experiment was criticized because inadequate boiling or improper sealing allowed contamination from airborne microorganisms.

How did Lazzaro Spallanzani modify Needham's experiment in 1768 to disprove spontaneous generation?

Spallanzani boiled the broth for a longer duration than Needham and sealed the flasks tightly to keep air from entering.

How did Louis Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment in 1859 prevent broth contamination?

The curved necks allowed air to enter but trapped airborne particles and micro-organisms in the bend, keeping the broth clear until broken.

What is pasteurization and what temperature threshold does it typically stay below?

Pasteurization is a mild heat treatment food safety process that kills harmful microorganisms to extend shelf life, typically operating below $100^\circ\text{C}$.

Which scientist proved the direct link between bacteria and human disease after Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation?

Robert Koch.

What accomplishment is Dmitri Mendeleev famous for in 1869?

He created the Periodic Table of Elements, organizing chemical elements by atomic weight and properties.

What distinction does Marie Curie hold regarding the Nobel Prizes?

She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and remains the only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields: Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911).

What photograph taken by Rosalind Franklin was key to determining the helical structure of DNA?

"Photo 51", obtained using X-ray diffraction techniques.

What explosive did Alfred Nobel invent in 1867, and what did he establish with his fortune?

He invented dynamite (a safer form of nitroglycerin) and established the Nobel Prizes.

Why is Antoine Lavoisier known as the Father of Modern Chemistry?

He disproved the phlogiston theory, identified oxygen's role in combustion, named hydrogen and oxygen, helped create modern chemical nomenclature, and established the Law of Conservation of Mass.

How is a chemical substance defined in comparison to matter and mixtures?

A chemical substance is a form of matter with a defined chemical composition and specific properties, existing as a homogeneous material uniformly present throughout, distinct from mixtures.

What is the distinction between an element and a compound?

An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances, while a compound consists of two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions.

What is the chemical formula and common usage of Sodium Bicarbonate?

Its formula is $NaHCO_3$; commonly known as baking soda, it is used in cooking and cleaning.

What compound serves as an abrasive in toothpaste to clean and polish teeth?

Calcium Carbonate ($CaCO_3$).

What chemical compound acts as the active disinfectant ingredient in household bleach?

Sodium Hypochlorite ($NaClO$).

What chemical component in shampoo acts as a cleanser to remove oil and dirt?

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate.

What function does Glycerin perform when included in personal care lotions?

It acts as a moisturizer to keep skin and hair hydrated.

What role does Triclosan play in antibacterial hand soap?

It prevents the growth of harmful bacteria.

What role does the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) play in consumer safety network regulation?

DTI ensures products meet quality standards and have correct labeling.

What is the primary responsibility of the Department of Environment (DENR) regarding household products?

DENR monitors how products affect the environment and ensures proper disposal practices to protect ecosystems.

What defines an endothermic reaction versus an exothermic reaction?

An endothermic reaction absorbs heat/energy from its surroundings (causing surrounding temperature to drop), whereas an exothermic reaction releases heat/energy into its surroundings (causing surrounding temperature to rise).

What is the chemical reaction equation for photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and water ($H_2O$) into glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) and oxygen ($O_2$) in the presence of sunlight.

How do chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) impact the ozone layer?

CFCs cause chemical reactions that break down ozone ($O_3$) molecules, allowing harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation to reach Earth's surface.

How does a chemical change differ from a physical change?

A chemical change alters the chemical composition of matter to form new substances with different properties, whereas a physical change alters appearance or state without changing chemical identity.

What chemical process is represented by the equation $4Fe + 3O_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow 4Fe(OH)_3$?

Oxidation (a chemical combination of oxygen with other substances to form oxides).

What is neutralization in chemistry?

Neutralization is a reaction between an acid and a base that forms a salt and water.

What chemical process is defined as the opposite of neutralization?

Hydrolysis, wherein a reaction between a salt and water forms an acid and a base.

Which specific bacteria act as activating agents to convert alcohol into vinegar during fermentation?

Acetic acid bacteria.

What is stated by the Law of Conservation of Mass (Lomonosov-Lavoisier Law)?

In a closed system, the total mass of substances before a chemical reaction is equal to the total mass of the products after the reaction.

What is stated by the Law of Definite Composition, observed by Joseph Louis Proust?

Elements combine to form compounds in fixed, constant proportions by mass.

What is the general chemical reaction equation for a single displacement reaction?

$$A + BC \rightarrow AC + B$$

What is the general chemical reaction equation for a double displacement reaction?

$$AB + CD \rightarrow AD + CB$$

What do the chemical notation symbols $(aq)$ and a delta sign ($\Delta$) above a reaction arrow represent?

$(aq)$ indicates that the substance is dissolved in water, and $\Delta$ above the arrow indicates that heat is supplied to the reaction.

What do the vertical arrow symbols $\uparrow$ and $\downarrow$ indicate in a chemical equation?

$\uparrow$ indicates the evolution of a gas, and $\downarrow$ indicates the formation of a precipitate.

What is the chemical formula for propane?

$$C_3H_8$$

What is the balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of propane?

$$C_3H_8 + 5O_2 \rightarrow 3CO_2 + 4H_2O$$

According to collision theory, what two conditions must reactant molecules meet to achieve an effective collision?

Reactant molecules must be oriented correctly in space and must possess a minimum amount of kinetic energy called the activation energy ($E_a$).

How does a catalyst increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

A catalyst accelerates a reaction by participating in it without being consumed, providing an alternate reaction pathway with a lower activation energy ($E_a$).

Why does an increase in temperature increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

Higher temperature raises the average kinetic energy of reactant molecules, causing them to move faster, collide more frequently, and increase the proportion of effective collisions.

Why does increasing the surface area of a solid reactant increase the rate of reaction in a heterogeneous mixture?

It exposes more reactant particles to collisions at the surface interface, allowing more frequent interactions with other reactant molecules.