Untitled Flashcards Set

Iron plows

New technology developed in agriculture that improved efficiency.

Crop rotation

Agricultural practice of rotating crops to enhance soil health.

Hanseatic League

Alliance of German cities established to protect trade and limit piracy.

Magna Carta

1215 document that limited the power of King John and protected barons' rights.

Common Law

Legal system in England established by Henry II, based on customs and precedents.

Scholasticism

Intellectual movement combining faith and reason, using debate for teaching.

Summa Theologiae

Major work by St. Thomas Aquinas integrating Aristotelian philosophy with theology.

Crusades

Series of religious wars (1096-1291) between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land.

Plenary indulgence

Promise of remission of temporal punishment for sins granted to those who fought in the Crusades.

Great Western Schism

Division in the Catholic Church (1378-1417) between rival popes in Avignon and Rome.

Joan of Arc

French national heroine who led troops to victory during the Hundred Years' War.

Bubonic Plague

Contagious disease spread by fleas, caused widespread death and societal upheaval in Europe.

Guilds

Associations of merchants or craftsmen aimed at regulating trade and providing training.

Census (Domesday Book)

Comprehensive survey of lands and livestock in England, compiled in 1086.

Apprentice

Young person learning a trade under a skilled craftsman, usually starting at age 7-8.

Fallow

Agricultural method where land is left unplanted to restore soil nutrients.

City Charter

Official document outlining the rights and privileges of a town.

Investiture controversy

Conflict between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV over the appointment of bishops.

Black Death

Pandemic that killed a significant portion of Europe's population in the mid-14th century.

Partnerships

Business arrangement where individuals work together to share risks and rewards.

Papal authority

The power and influence of the Pope over the Catholic Church and secular leaders.

Longbow

Powerful weapon used by the English in the Hundred Years' War, allowing for multiple shots.

Padded collars

Helped horses loew faster than oxen

Cities