yr 11 semester 1 psychology exam

what is developmental psychology

specializes in the study of the changes that occur from conception to death, the aim of developmental psychology is to explore the changes on thoughts and feelings throughout the lifespan.

how may periods of development are there in someone’s lifetime

8

how many types of development are there?

4

what are the different types of development

Social, Emotional, Physical, cognitive

what is social development

changes in individuals relationships with others integration skills, this can include online or in person

What is physical development?

changes in the body and its various systems such as development of the brain and nervous system bones and muscles motor skills hormonal changes.

what is emotional development

changes in how individuals express and experience different feelings include and how we recognize others emotion

what is cognitive development

cognitive development changes in mental abilities such as learning memory perception thinking language moral reasoning and problem

what does nature refer to?

nature to all of the genes and hereditary factors, that can influence who we are-from our physical appearance to our personal characteristics.

What is nurture

nurture to all environmental variables that impact who we are, hour early childhood experience how we were raised our social relationships and our surrounding culture.

what does attachment refer to

this refers to the emotional bond that forms between an infant and another person

does the quality of attachment impact someone in adult hood

this refers to the emotional bond that forms between an infant and another person

who created the attachment theory

Mary Ainsworth and psychiatrist John Bowlby in the 1950s

how many types of attachment are there

4

what is secure attachment

this is when the caregiver is used as a secure base, may show distress at separation but soothed at reunion.

what is resistant attachment

less common attachment, the infant remains close to the caregiver and not eager to explore, distressed on separation, this is a result of caregivers not being responsive.

what is avoidant attachment

this is when an infant is unresponsive to caregiver not distressed by parting.

what is disorganized attachment

inconsistent behaviors when separated and reunited, display odd behaviors on reunion this can be linked to infant mistreatment.

what is a schema

is the basic building blocks of intelligent behavior- a way of organizing knowledge, also known as units of knowledge.

what is adaption though assimilation

child sees dolphin- Assimilation- children calls dolphin a fish.

what is accommodation

child forms new concept of animal that lives in water and comes to the surface to breath.

what are piaget’s 4 stages

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

what are the key parts of the sensorimotor stage

at 7 months object permanencies developed, goal directed behavior is established.

what are the key parts of the pre-operational stage

symbolic thinking is established, the imagination is used and can turn an object into anything. preoperational children can be egocentric. animism is used throughout this stage.

what are the key features of the concrete operational stage

classification

are there criticisms of Piaget

the changes from one stage to another are neither as clear cut nor as sweeping as Piaget implied.

he overestimated adult abilities, he ignored social factors of family situations, the method was criticized as he used his own children, and the controlled variables have been tested.

What does the Biopsychosocial model suggest

Suggests that Biological, Psychotically and social factors all play a significant role in health and human behaviour rather than just one factor alone.

What are some examples of Biological factors

Medication, Sleep, Diet

what are some Psychological factors

Mental condition, Mood, Motivation

What are some social factors

Family, Environment, Social circles, Media

What are the 3 main research models

Experimental, Observational, Qualitative

What is experimental research

is the manipulation of the IV to see the effect of the DV, this can be done the random allocation of participants.

What is an observational study

no manipulation of variables but participants are place in groups they already exist

What is a qualitative study

gathers data in focus groups

what are the 2 different types of groups

Independent groups and repeated measures

what is a independent group

this is when their are different people in each group (only tested on once)

what are a repeated measures design

when their are the 2 tests and the same people would complete the test twice

What do focus groups look like?

are smaller groups with a moderator leading the conversation making sure that it does not go off track, they also add open ended question to begin the conversation.

Explain the Delphi technique

is when you look at experts on a topic (for example the impact of covid) then prepare a survey, once completed analyse results and keep giving out questionnaires, Up until there is a consensus. this can be prone to personal biases.

how can interviews be used to collect data

interviews can be a structured and unstructured and can use open and closed questions this can help collect data quickly but can be subjective to person biases

what are Extraneous variables

are variables besides the independent that can change the results that has nothing to do with what is being tested on ( if testing the affects of caffeine on mood some Extraneous variables could include hormones, sleep, diet, environment)

What are participant variables

these are things that the participant cant control for example age, IQ, gender, emotion.

What are the types of data

objective, subjective, quantitative, qualitative

what is objective data

is direct and measurable true value

What is subjective data

Thought feelings and opinions

what is quantitative data

this is data presented numerically

what is qualitative

is data presented in a written and word format

what are the 3 types of sampling

convenience, random, stratified

what is convenience sampling

the group the researcher has access to.

what is random sampling

Every member of the population has a equal chance if being selected in the sample, an example of this can be pulling names from a hat

stratified sampling

breaks the population down into smaller groups, and random samples are taken from these groups in the same proportion as they appear in the population

what is reliability

is the consistency of the results so if we repeated the repeated the study the same results will appear.

what is internal validity

is the consistency of the results so if we repeated the repeated the study the same results will appear.

what is external validity

External how well a study can be generalised to the population. was the sample reprehensive?

What is cognition

this investigates how people think examples include thinking, attention, knowing, memory, judging, problem solving.

What are some biological factors that can impact memory

Age

Diet

Drugs

what are some psychological factors that can impact cognition?

Mental illness

emotion

trauma

what are some social factors that can impact cognition?

environment

pressure

extra activities

what are the 3 parts of memory

Encoding, storage and retrieval

what is encoding

this types of memory coded can include acoustic, visual, semantic.

what types of storage are their

types of long term memory include episodic, procedural and semantic.

what types of retrieval are their

types of retrieval can include recall and recognition.

what is recognition

involves remembering based on a set of alternatives ( for example multiple choice questions

What is recall

to recall information you have to retrieve it from memory with few if any cues for example when you complete a psychology test

what are the three types of recall

free, cued and serial.

what is free, cued and serial recall

free recall

retrieve as much information as you can in any order with no clues

cued recall

recall information using prompts or cues to assist you

serial recall

retrieve information in the exact order in which it was present.

what is the sensory memory?

This is the first stage of the memory and it take information from one of the senses and holds it in that raw form. Then we either pay attention to it and it is transferred to the STM or it is forgotten.

what are the two types of sensory memory?

Iconic and Echoic

what is Iconic memory

These are visual images and in the original form only last about one third of a second. this is enough time to see if it is worth storing in the STM.

What is Echoic memory

Stores auditory information briefly heard then it disappears it can remain for a brief timeframe like an echo. this lasts 2-4 seconds

what is the capacity for Iconic and Echoic memory

the capacity can potentially be unlimited for both of them

what is the serial position effect

all the words at the beginning in the study are called the primary effect cause they were practiced and are in your long term memory (this is called the primacy effect) and the last words are remembered in the short term memory (this is called the recency effect)

what is short term memory?

receives and encodes new information from the senses if played attention then it can be retained for long in the working memory.

how many digits can be remebered in the short term memory?

5 to 9 digits are normal amount that is remembered in the short term

what is the duration for the STM

the duration is usually 18 to 20 seconds in special occasions it can be 30 seconds.

what are some ways to increase STM

Chunking is when the information is stored by grouping larger pieces of information into smaller chunks of information

what are the two types of rehearsal?

Maintenance and Elaborative

how do militance and elaborative rehearsal work.

maintenance

is when it stays in our short term memory and we repeat the information over and over

Elaborative

is when it develops into our LTM this repeats information but in a meaningful way.

What is long term memory?

This stores large amount of information for long periods of time the storage may be unlimited and the longevity may be for a lifetime. most of the time the retrieval is effortless .

what are the two types of long term memory?

Explicit and Implicit

what is explicit memory

these are memories with awareness that can be consciously or intentionally retrieved.

what are the two types of Explicit

Episodic memory

these are personal experiences or events.

Semantic

are facts and knowledge about the world

what is Implicit memory

are ‘how to’ memories they do not involve intentional retrieval. they can include skills like riding a bike, using your phone, writing.

what are the two types of rehearsal

Maintenance and elaborative

what is retrograde

this is the inability to recall/ loss of early memories that occured prior to amnesia causing event

what is anterograde

Inability to form new memories after amnesia-causing event (long-term) Memory of experiences prior to event remains intact.

what is memory decay

is a physical or chemical change that represents stored information. we forget because the memory traces fade or decay over time. unless it is reactivated by using the information occasionally

what is alzheimers

this is a progressive degeneration of brain neurons, this also causes development of plaques and tangles of nerve fibers cause destruction of neurons at faster than normal rates and results in cell death. the deterioration of cognitive abilities behaviour personal skills.

what are the plaques and tangles made up of

neurofibrillary tangles tangles are composed of tau protein

amyloid plaques are composed of amyloid protein

what is the process of cue retrieval failure

sometimes we lack a cue or fail to use correct cue to retrieve stored information in the LTM. The previously information is not lost just forgotten and not remembered with the cue that is given.

what are context cues

are cues that are in the environment or setting (smell sight)

what are state dependent cues

State dependent cues associated with psychological state of the person when the memory was formed. (happy sad emotions, time of the day, hunger)

what is retroactive interference

this occurs when interferes with old information (you bump into someone from your old work and call them a new name)

what is proactive interference

this is when the information from the past mixes up with the future. (new password)

what is suppression in the memory

this is when it is made deliberate and conscious efforts to forget an experience person etc. Although we are aware of this memory and know it happened we choose to consciously avoid it.

what is repression

this is unconsciously blocking memories and defence mechanism not lost but does not come easy. may come out as dreams.

what are the 4 effects on eyewitness memory

weapon focus, Violence distraction, misleading question, misinformation effect.

what is weapon focus?

this is when the witness tends to focus on the weapon rather than the criminal themselves

what is violence distraction

the more violent the crime the less accurate ones memory will be.

what is a misleading question

questions that can direct the witness towards the response desired by the questioner.