The Industrial Revolution: Key Changes and Innovations

What was the primary form of farming before industrialization in England?

Subsistence farming, where farming was done to live.

What was one disadvantage of pre-industrial farming that led to change?

Inefficiency and lack of innovation.

What was the Agricultural Revolution?

A period marked by the enclosure movement and new farming techniques.

What did the enclosure movement involve?

Landlords fenced in common pastures to try new farming techniques.

What is crop rotation?

A farming practice where fields are not left fallow but planted with new crops like turnips, clover, and alfalfa.

Who invented the seed drill and what was its purpose?

Jethro Tull invented the seed drill to reduce the number of seeds needed for planting.

What were some key crops introduced from the New World during the Agricultural Revolution?

Corn and potatoes.

What was the role of coal in the Industrial Revolution?

Coal provided power to machines and was essential for steam engines.

How did coal mining production change from 1800 to 1914?

Increased from 1 ton with 50,000 miners in 1800 to 250 million tons with 1,200,000 miners in 1914.

What were some of the working conditions in factories during the Industrial Revolution?

Long hours, monotonous tasks, dangerous environments, and poorly lit spaces.

What was the significance of textiles during the Victorian age?

Textiles became the biggest industry, transitioning from cottage industry to factory life.

Who were the Luddites and what did they oppose?

The Luddites were a group that opposed innovations and attacked power looms between 1811-1816.

What were some new inventions that emerged during the Industrial Revolution?

The spinning jenny, water frame, and power loom.

What was the cottage industry?

A system where clothing and other products were made at home, allowing workers more control.

What role did rivers and canals play during the Industrial Revolution?

They facilitated transportation and provided power for mills.

What was the impact of child labor in coal mining?

Children were used as coal miners, chimney sweeps, and factory workers.

What is animal husbandry and who was a key figure in its development?

Animal husbandry involves breeding and raising livestock, with Robert Bakewell being a key figure.

What was the significance of the steam engine during the Industrial Revolution?

The steam engine, powered by coal, was crucial for powering machinery.

What was the effect of the French blockade (Continental System) on England?

It created a force for change by limiting imports and encouraging domestic production.

What were the main benefits of the enclosure movement?

It made farming more productive and allowed soil to rest.

Who is Ned Ludd?

A mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest.

What was the enclosure system in England?

A system that improved farming practices.

What are some natural resources that contributed to England's industrial growth?

Mining, rivers, and canals.

What role did colonies play in England's economy?

Colonies provided capital, money, and resources.

What invention is James Watt known for?

The strong steam engine.

Who invented the locomotive known as Puffing Billy?

George Stephenson.

What did Henry Cort develop to make iron stronger?

The puddling furnace.

What is the Bessemer process associated with?

The production of steel.

What economic concept did Adam Smith introduce in 'The Wealth of Nations'?

He added an economic dimension to civil society and introduced free trade economics.

What is the 'invisible hand' according to Adam Smith?

A concept where a benevolent God administers a universe maximizing human happiness.

What are the two main components of capitalism according to Adam Smith?

Labor (workers) and capital (factories).

What does supply and demand refer to in economics?

The relationship between the availability of a product (like iPhones) and the desire for it.

What is specialization in the context of Adam Smith's ideal economy?

It improves output but can lead to a loss of meaning in work.

What is consumer capitalism?

A system where people have money due to specialization, allowing them to buy goods.

What is John Stuart Mill known for?

His works on logic, metaphysics, history, literature, economics, and political theory.

What is the principle of utilitarianism as proposed by John Stuart Mill?

The greatest happiness for the greatest number.

What significant work did John Stuart Mill publish in 1859?

On Liberty.

Who is Karl Marx?

The most influential socialist thinker of the nineteenth century.

What is 'scientific socialism' as described by Karl Marx?

A term synonymous with Marxism, which breaks from Hegel's dialectic.

What does communism entail regarding production?

The government owns the means of production and wealth is shared by the people.

What did Thomas Malthus theorize about population growth?

Population growth will outpace food supply, leading to war, disease, or famine controlling population.

What is the Iron Law of Wages proposed by David Ricardo?

If wages are raised, population grows.

What are the Corn Laws?

Taxes on imported grain that affected trade.

What is the Land Rent Model by David Ricardo?

A theory stating that land has fixed properties and is combined with labor and capital.

What is the benefit of free trade according to David Ricardo?

Countries can benefit by specializing in what they produce best.

What invention did Jethro Tull create around 1701 that improved planting methods?

A mechanical drill for planting seeds in straight rows.

How did Jethro Tull's horse-drawn hoe contribute to agriculture?

It broke up and loosened the soil, allowing plants to grow better.

What agricultural practice did Charles Townshend introduce to keep soil fertile?

Mixing lime and clay into the soil.

What crop did Charles Townshend teach farmers to grow for winter livestock feed?

Turnips.

What was the domestic cottage industry?

A production method where workers spun yarn and wove cloth in their homes.

What was the enclosure movement?

A process where wealthy landowners bought out small farmers and fenced in public lands.

What did Parliament do after 1760 regarding the enclosure movement?

Encouraged the enclosure movement.

What invention did John Kay create in 1735 to speed up weaving?

The flying shuttle.

What was the spinning jenny, and who invented it?

A machine invented by James Hargreaves in the 1760s that allowed spinners to produce thread more quickly.

How did Richard Arkwright contribute to textile manufacturing?

He invented the water frame in 1769, which used water power to run a spinning machine.

What was the impact of larger estates on poor villagers during the Industrial Revolution?

They lost their means of making a living and many became beggars or farm hands.

What did Edmund Cartwright invent that was powered by water?

A loom.

What was the significance of Eli Whitney's invention in 1793?

He invented the cotton gin, which revolutionized cotton processing.

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the textile industry?

It drastically changed production methods and increased demand for raw materials.

What breakthrough in the iron industry occurred in the 1780s?

Henry Cort patented a puddling furnace.

What was the main challenge with iron production before the Industrial Revolution?

The iron was brittle and hard to shape.

What was the effect of new farming methods on small farmers?

Many small farmers were unable to compete and were bought out by wealthy landowners.

What was the result of the agricultural revolution on Britain's food supply?

It resulted in better harvests, making it easier to feed the growing population.

What was a consequence of the enclosure movement for villagers?

They were forced out of their cottages and lost access to shared village lands.

What role did water power play in the Industrial Revolution?

It was harnessed to run textile machines, increasing production efficiency.

What was the primary raw material in high demand during the textile revolution?

Cotton fiber.

What was the impact of the agricultural revolution on labor?

It led to a shift where many rural workers moved to cities in search of work.

What process improved the quality and speed of iron production in the 19th century?

Cortés process, which produced iron of better quality and was 15 times faster than the old system.

Who independently discovered the Bessemer process in the 1850s?

William Kelly, an American inventor, and Sir Henry Bessemer, an English engineer.

What is the significance of the Bessemer process?

It was a quick and cheap method of making steel from iron, leading to increased use of steel in heavy equipment.

What was the impact of cotton production by 1820 in Britain?

Cotton cloth accounted for almost half of Britain's exports.

Who developed a practical steam engine in 1769?

James Watt, a Scottish engineer.

What was unique about James Watt's steam engine?

It was the first to use steam efficiently and burned coal.

How did the factory system change production during the Industrial Revolution?

It allowed for faster, more efficient, and cheaper production by bringing large numbers of workers together under one roof and using division of labor.

What was the role of water power in the early factory system?

Factories were built near rivers to supply water power to run the machines.

What was the first practical locomotive developed by George Stephenson?

Stephenson's Rocket, which sped over a railway line connecting Manchester and Liverpool.

What speed did Stephenson's Rocket achieve in 1830?

16 miles per hour.

What major problem did the British iron-making industry face in the early 1700s?

The iron ore mined in Britain had impurities.

What was the effect of Stephenson's success on transportation?

It triggered an age of railway-building all over the world.

What invention did Alessandro Volta create around 1800?

The first electric battery.

What was the significance of the electric battery invented by Alessandro Volta?

It enabled scientists to generate electricity and study it in laboratories.

How did the factory system affect workers during the Industrial Revolution?

Elderly workers faced cuts in pay and loss of jobs, women earned less than men, and children had the lowest wages.

What was the main source of power for factories before steam engines?

Water power.

What technological breakthrough is considered one of the most important of the Industrial Revolution?

Watt's steam engine.

What was the main reason for the shift from the domestic system to the factory system?

The new machines were too expensive for individual ownership and required centralized production.

How did the factory system utilize division of labor?

Workers performed only one task in making a product, increasing efficiency.

What was the relationship between the demand for iron and the growth of factories?

As more machines were used in factories, the demand for iron increased.

What was the impact of steam power on industries during the Industrial Revolution?

Steam power replaced water power in coal mines, ironworks, and textile plants.

What were the conditions for workers in factories during the Industrial Revolution?

Workers faced long hours, low wages, and poor working conditions.

What were the working conditions for children during the Industrial Revolution?

Children worked long hours, often in dangerous conditions, with no laws to protect them. They were hired as young as six and sometimes faced physical abuse from supervisors.

Who was Michael Faraday and what was his contribution to the Industrial Revolution?

Michael Faraday was an English physicist and chemist who discovered that moving a magnet through a coil of copper wire could produce electricity, leading to the invention of the electric generator.

What did the electric generator enable factories to do?

It allowed factories to use electricity as a source of power for machines.

What were common safety issues faced by workers in factories during the Industrial Revolution?

Workers faced unsafe machines, poor lighting, high noise levels, and exposure to smoke and fumes, leading to frequent accidents and health risks.

How did factory work impact the daily lives of workers?

Factory work was often dull and repetitive, with workers performing the same tasks for up to 14 hours a day, strictly regulated by the clock and production schedules.

What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on urbanization?

The Industrial Revolution led to rapid urbanization, as farm families moved to cities for jobs, causing significant population growth in urban areas.

What was the population growth in Birmingham, England, between 1801 and 1851?

The population grew from 73,000 to 250,000.

What challenges did cities face due to rapid population growth during the Industrial Revolution?

Cities struggled with inadequate housing, sanitation, hospital facilities, high crime rates, and poor fire protection.

What was the living situation for many poor families in cities during the Industrial Revolution?

Many poor families lived in overcrowded, ramshackle houses, sometimes sharing rooms with other families or living on the streets.

What health issues arose from the living conditions in industrial cities?

Open sewers, polluted rivers, factory smoke, and filthy streets contributed to the spread of disease.

What was the role of factory owners regarding worker safety during the Industrial Revolution?

Many factory owners did not prioritize safety, leading to common accidents and injuries among workers.