Biological Molecules

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Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Food Tests (DOESN'T INCLUDE ENZYMES YET)

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152 Terms

1
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What is a polymer?

A long chain made from smaller repeating units called monomers

2
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What is the opposite of hydrolysis?

A condensation reaction

3
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What is a condensation reaction?

The reaction that joins two monomers together. It occurs every time a new-sub unit is added to a polymer

4
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What extra molecule is produced in a condensation reaction?

Water

5
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What is hydrolysis?

When polymers are broken down by the addition of water

6
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What are the monomers that make up carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

7
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What is the general formula for a monosaccharide?

(CH2O)n

8
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What do you call two bonded monosaccharides?

Disaccharide

9
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What do you call more than two bonded monosaccharides?

Polysaccharide

10
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What is a polysaccharide?

More than two bonded monosaccharides

11
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What is a disaccharide?

Two bonded monosaccharides

12
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What does glucose look like? Alpha and beta

knowt flashcard image
13
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What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

In alpha, the OH of carbon 1 is on the bottom, whilst in beta, OH of carbon 1 is on the top

14
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What are 3 monosaccharides?

Alpha glucose

Beta glucose

Beta ribose

15
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What is the bond form between two monosaccharides called?

Glycosidic bond

16
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What does a glycosidic bond look like?

C - O - C

17
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What are 3 disaccharides?

Sucrose

Lactose

Maltose

18
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What monosaccharides make up sucrose?

Glucose and fructose

19
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Where is sucrose produced?

Sugar cane and beet

20
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What do glucose and fructose make?

Sucrose

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What do glucose and galactose make?

Lactose

22
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Where is lactose produced?

Mammalian milk

23
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What monosaccharides make up lactose?

Glucose and galactose

24
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What monosaccharides make up maltose?

Alpha glucose and alpha glucose

25
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Where is maltose produced?

Germinating seeds

26
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What do two alpha glucoses make?

Maltose

27
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What are 3 polysaccharides?

Starch

Cellulose

Glycogen

28
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What is starch used for?

Storage of glucose in plants

29
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What are 3 features of starch?

Compact

Insoluble

Large

30
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How does being compact help starch function?

Many glucose molecules can be stored in a small space

31
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How does being insoluble help starch function?

It doesn’t affect the osmotic balance of cells

32
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How does being a large molecule help starch function?

It can’t move out of cells

33
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What two things is starch made of?

Amylose

Amylopectin

34
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What type of glucose molecules is amylopectin made of

Alpha-glucose

35
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What bonds are found in amylopectin?

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

with alpha 1-6 branches

36
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Is amylopectin branched? How does that affect it?

Highly branched

There are more branch ends, which means it has a higher surface area, so can be hydrolysed more quickly

37
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Is starch made mostly of amylopectin or amylose?

Amylopectin

38
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Is amylose branched? How does this affect it?

Unbranched

Few branch ends so it is good for storing glucose

39
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What type of molecule is amylose made of?

Alpha-glucose

40
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What bonds are found in amylose?

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

41
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What is amylose’s structure like? How does this help?

Alpha helix structure

Highly compact so good for storing glucose

42
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What is the function of cellulose?

A structural component in plant cell walls

43
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Is cellulose branched?

Unbranched/Straight

44
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What molecule is cellulose made of?

Beta-glucose

45
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What bonds are in cellulose?

Beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds

46
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What is special about the glucose molecules in cellulose?

Alternate glucose molecules are inverted

47
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What bonds are formed between chains of cellulose molecules?

Hydrogen bonds

48
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What are lots of cellulose chains called?

Microfibrils

49
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What are two features of cellulose?

Very strong

Fully permeable

50
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Why is cellulose strong?

It is made of thousands of chains (and microfibrils) linked together

51
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What does the permeability of cellulose allow?

The movement of substances to and from the membrane

52
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What is the function of glycogen?

Storage of glucose in humans

53
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Is glycogen branched?

Yes, highly branched

54
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What molecules make up starch?

Alpha-glcuose

55
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What bonds are in glycogen?

Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

with alpha 1-6 branches

56
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What elements are in lipids?

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

57
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What are the 3 types of lipids?

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

58
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What make up steroids?

Four fused rings

59
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What makes up triglycerides?

3 fatty acids
1 glycerol

60
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What makes up phospholipids?

2 fatty acids
1 glycerol
1 phosphate group

61
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What are the 3 parts of a fatty acid?

Carboxylic acid group (COOH)
Long hydrocarbon chain
Methyl group (CH3)

62
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Depending on the bonds inside them, what 3 things can fatty acids be?

Saturated (no double bonds between carbons)
Monounsaturated (one double bond between carbons)
Unsaturated (multiple double bonds between carbons)

63
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What state is a saturated fatty acid at room temp?

Solid

64
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What state is an unsaturated fatty acid at room temp?

Liquid

65
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How do fatty acids bond to glycerol? (What reaction)

Condensation reactions

66
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What is the bond between a fatty acid and a glycerol?

Ester bond

67
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What two substances are common forms of triglycerides?

Oil
Fat

68
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What are the 3 uses of triglycerides?

Provide energy
Insulation
Protection for organs

69
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How much energy do triglycerides provide in comparison to carbohydrates/proteins?

Twice as much energy

70
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Draw a glycerol molecule

71
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Draw a saturated fatty acid

72
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Draw an unsaturated fatty acid

73
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What is produced when a triglyceride is formed?

3 water molecules (from the condensation reactions)

74
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Draw a triglyceride - you can simplify it a bit

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What are phospholipids also known as?

Diglycerides

76
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Draw a phospholipid - you can simplify it

77
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What is the most important property of phospholipids?

They are polar

78
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What does polar mean?

The distribution of charge across the molecule is uneven, so one end is slightly positive, while the other is slightly negative

79
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What part of a phospholipid is the head?

The phosphate group

80
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Which part of a phospholipid is the tail?

The fatty acids

81
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Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

The head / The phosphate group

82
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Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

The tails / The fatty acids

83
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What is the chemical formula of the phosphate group?

PO4-

84
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What can phospholipids form when in water?

Micelles (these little sphere things)
Phospholipid bilayers

85
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Name 4 features of triglycerides

High ratio of C-H bonds to carbon atoms
Low mass to energy ratio
Insoluble in water
Release energy when oxidised

86
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How does a high ratio of C-H bonds help in trigylcerides?

They store energy, making triglycerides good energy sources

87
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How does a low mass to energy ratio help in triglycerides?

Lots of energy can be stored in small spaces
There is less mass that animals need to carry around

88
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Why are triglycerides insoluble in water? (As in, how does this benefit them?)

So they don’t affect the water potential in cells

89
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What are 3 features of phospholipids?

Polar
Have hydrophilic phosphate ‘heads’
Form glycolipids

90
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What are glycolipids important for?

Cell recognition

91
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What are 6 functions of lipids?

Protection of vital organs
Insulation of the body
Source of energy
Component of cell-surface membranes
Form the myelin sheath
Prevent evaporation in plants and animals

92
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What are the monomers in proteins?

Amino acids

93
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How many different amino acids are there?

20

94
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What are amino acids coded by?

DNA

95
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Draw an amino acid

96
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What are the 2 groups all amino acids have?

Amine group
Carboxyl group

97
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What reaction bonds amino acids together?

Condensation reactions

98
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What is the bond formed between amino acids?

Peptide bond

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What are two bonded amino acids called?

Dipeptide

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What are more than two bonded amino acids called?

Polypeptide