Kenyan History and Government

Flashcards covering key concepts from Form Three History and Government teacher's notes, focusing on European invasion, colonial rule, and the struggle for independence in Kenya.

Scramble

To rush for, compete, or struggle with others in order to get or do something.

Partition

To divide something among people or to apportion something among contenders or competitors.

Scramble for Africa

The rush and struggle for different parts of Africa by European powers.

Partition of Africa

The dividing up or the sharing of Africa among European nations.

Treaties Signed Among Europeans (Scramble for Africa)

Treaties signed among Europeans during the Scramble for and Partition of Africa include the Anglo-German agreements of 1886 and 1897, agreements with Portugal and France in 1890, and the Anglo-Italian agreement of 1891.

Treaties Signed Between Europeans and Local African Leaders (Scramble for Africa)

Treaties signed between Europeans and local African leaders during the Scramble for Africa include agreements between the Maasai and the British (1904, 1911), Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda and the British (1900), George Goldie of the United Africa Company with African leaders (1884), the Lochner treaty between the British and King Lewanika of the Lozi (1890), and treaties between Karl Peters and chiefs in the Mount Kilimanjaro region (1884).

Areas in Africa Occupied Through Military Force by Europeans

Egypt, Sudan, Malawi, Mashonaland and Matebele in Zimbabwe (British); Angola, Mozambique, Guinea Bissau (Portuguese); Morrocco, Algeria, Tunisia (French); Eritrea (Italian).

Chartered Companies Used by European Powers to Govern Colonies in Africa

Imperial British East Africa Company; German East Africa Company; Royal Niger Company; British South Africa Company.

Factors That Led to the Scramble for Colonies in Africa

Factors include: Industrial Revolution in Europe, need for markets, increased capital, speculation of mineral wealth, unification of Germany, national prestige, European military officers, public opinion, the Egyptian question, French activities, King Leopold's activities, missionaries, influential people, beliefs in superior culture, Britain and Germany's encouragement of surplus population, European humanitarians, rich raw materials in Africa, good harbors, and weak African communities.

Categories of Factors That Led to the Scramble for and Partition of Africa

Economic factors, political factors, strategic considerations, social factors, and pull factors in Africa.

The Egyptian Question

In 1798, the French under Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt on the pretext of restoring its prosperity and saving it from the tyranny of the Mamluk Beys from Turkey, and built the Suez Canal in 1869, which left Egypt bankrupt, forcing Egypt to sell her shares in the canal to Britain. In 1882, the British fully occupied Egypt after an ignited Egyptian uprising under Colonel Urabi Pasha, which was crashed by the British at the battle of Tel-El-Kebir. This greatly disappointed the French. In return, the French planned to occupy territories to the south of Egypt in order to divert the waters of the Nile and make Egypt a desert, which worried the British since the Nile was Egypt‟s lifeline.

One Immediate Reason for the Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

Looming crisis in the Congo region, which various countries, including Britain, France, and Portugal, were seeking to occupy.

The Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

From 15th November 1884 up to 26th February 1885, Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck of Germany convened a conference in Berlin concerned with the Congo and Niger basins among other issues.

Objectives of the Berlin Conference

To set rules for partition, eliminate conflict among European nations, define areas effectively occupied, sort out European views on the slave trade, establish authority in regions under occupation, safeguard native African interests, protect traders and missionaries, guarantee religious tolerance and free trade, and to draw borders of regions under occupation on a map.

Categories of African Reaction to European Colonization

Classified into: resistance, collaboration, and mixed reaction.

Two Forms of Resistance

Use of weapons and deliberate adoption of a noncooperative approach.

Categories of Collaboration as Exhibited by Some African Communities Towards European Invasion and Colonization

Diplomacy, signing treaties, alliance, conspiracy, and African hospitality

Maji-Maji Rebellion (1905-1907)

A mass uprising against German rule in Southern Tanganyika, stemming from the magic water (millet and maize flour mixed in water drawn from River Rufiji) with sprinkles that protected them from German bullets.

the Role of Religion in the Organization of the Maji Maji War

Mobilized and united people, gave hope and confidence, provided ideology and leadership, wiped out tribal suspicion and provided all action plans.

Why the Maji-Maji Rebellion Failed.

Superior weapons, failed magic, disunity, the Germans received reinforcement, the 1907 famine and the Scorched-Earth policy, and Collaboration.

Samouri Toure and His Mandinka Empire

Samouri Ibn Lafiya Toure was born in 1830 to the Dyula Long-Distance traders’ clan of the Mandinka in Sanankoro village in the south-east of Kan-Kan, present-day Guinea. He founded the Mandinka Empire and was one of the greatest leaders of resistance to European rule in West Africa.

Techniques that Samouri Toure Applied in His Resistance against French Invasion

He applied modern techniques such surprise, ambush, scorched-Earth policy, and the mass movement of the population.

The Origin of the Ndebele

Descended from the Nguni-speaking Bantu of South Africa and migrated from South Africa to Mashonaland in Zimbabwe and to central Africa during the 1820-1828 Mfecane wars under the leadership of Mzilikazi.

The European Nations that Competed for Territories to Secure East Africa

Those included the British, the Portuguese, and the Germans.

Methods Used by the British to Occupy Kenya

Agreements were signed with themselves and with local leaders, military expeditions were carried out, operational bases was used force, or company rule.

Responsibilities of the Imperial British East Africa Company by the Royal Charter in 1888

To establish political authority, develop trade , collect taxes, and civilize the indigenous people.

Factors That Undermined Company Rule in Kenya

The region lacked strategic resources, the company lacked sufficient funding, there are not enough navigable rivers, lack of communication, officers were corrupt, there was African resistance, and the tropical African climate with it disease.

Two types of Resistance against The British Invasion and Occupation of Kenya

Active resistance and passive resistance.

Name the African Communities That Took to Armed Struggle against Initial British Occupation of Their Country

The Nandi, The Giriama, The Bukusu, and The Somali.

The Factors That Led to Nandi Resistance against British Invasion and Occupation

The Nandi people are superior to others, British occupation threatened predominance in the region, a stranger had to seek permission, regarded the Europeans as evil, their prophet's teaching, and were well trained for war.

Reasons for Maasai Collaboration with The British

1904 and 1911 agreements with the British on signing treaties and the many human and cattle diseases, devastated natural calamities, deadly raids, civil war within the Maasai were the causes of the collaboration.

Rationale Behind King Lewanika’s Collaboration with The British

There were a need to protect people and gain influence, so the Lozi signed many treaties to try and preserve their power.

Baganda Collaboration with The British

Aimed to acquire Western education, medicine,limit traditionalists, reduce the influence of Muslims, protect against the Roukema of Bunyoro,trade, and protect for the sake of regional supremacy.

Baganda Collaboration with The British

Western education, medicine and other material benefits.

Why Some Kenyan Communities to Collaborated With The British

They stood to lose and were at a disadvantage, inferior weapons, and resistance to the natural calamities that were occurring.

Why The British Valued Their Friendship With Nabongo Mumia

The British were in need of vital information when it came to appointing chiefs and such in the western regions; it also was a major terminus for traders.

Colonization of Kenya By The British

It was a consequence of the European scramble for and Partition of Africa during the second half of the 19th century and the Industrial Revolution.

European scramble for East Africa

Nationalism, Strategic significance, and Economic imperialism.

Steps to Prepare For And Then Conduct The Colony From The British

The building of forts and trading stations and the creation of new rules put upon the citizens, British citizens were beginning to settle, putting the citizens on edge.

Problems that the colonial powers were facing that undermined their positions

The colonial powers lacked adequate manpower to administer, transport was not up to par, inadequate personnel, and the locals did not want to listen

Response of Kenyans to British invasion

The citizens' feelings were very complex, a good number resisted and others fell in line.

The Lochner Treaty

Was signed in 1900 and stated The British South Africa Company would exercise exclusive mining rights in Bulozi, exercise exclusive mining rights in Bulozi, would have exclusive mining rights in Bulozi except in certain farming and iron mining areas, Bulozi would be protected against external aggression, Lewanika would be a constitutional king, and that A British Resident would Be posted in and on foreign affairs.

Lobengula’s Conditions to the British During the Rudd Concession (1888)

That the Europeans protect Lobengula‟s people (Ndebele), not more than ten Whites on the land at any one time, and mass-media to notify other Whites to stay away from Matebeleland.