PRAXIS 5038 Literature and Language Arts Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards for PRAXIS 5038, covering literary movements, authors, critical terms, grammar, and educational theories based on the lecture notes.

Italo Calvino

An important Italian writer associated with the Postmodern Period who authored works such as "The Nonexistent Knight" and "Cosmicomics."

Portfolios

An assessment tool used by teachers to monitor student progress over time, fostering student ownership through the selection of included pieces.

Novel

A realistic story that depicts events that could potentially happen or have happened, exemplified by Pride and Prejudice.

Symbolism

A literary movement from the last two decades of the $19$th century that originated in France and used poetic expression and personal symbols to convey emotion.

Romantic literature

A literary movement flourishing in the $18$th and $19$th centuries that emphasizes the beauty of nature, freedom of emotion, and the glories of pastoral life.

Realism

A $19$th-century reaction to romanticism that focused on the everyday realities of life, with key writers such as Tolstoy and Dostoevsky.

Modernist Movement

An early $20$th-century movement featuring experimental forms, a loss of tradition, and the influence of technology, Freud, and Einstein.

Surrealism

A $20$th-century movement beginning in Paris in the $1920$s characterized by unexpected juxtapositions, elements of surprise, and non-sequiturs.

Adding Information

The easiest revision operation to introduce to beginning writers as it is less difficult than deleting or rearranging content.

Classical Greek Period

A period dating from $800-200BCE$ characterized by philosophical and political writings from authors like Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle.

Classical Roman Period

A period dating from $200BCE-500CE$ coinciding with Rome's rise to power, including writers such as Virgil, Horace, and Ovid.

Heart of Darkness

A novella by Joseph Conrad set in Africa that chronicles a journey down the Congo River and explores the psychological breakdown of a man in the jungle.

The Scarlet Letter

A novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne set in Colonial America about Hester Prynne, who is socialized as an outcast for bearing a child out of wedlock.

Expository discourse

A type of speech or writing that attempts to explain or describe something.

Zora Neale Hurston

The first author to write about the experiences of African-Americans, specifically noted for the $1937$ publication "Their Eyes Were Watching God."

Modern Literary Movement

A movement occurring between $1900-1940$ characterized by open form and free verse, associated with T.S. Eliot's "The Waste Land."

Fairy tale

A story featuring fantastic creatures like witches and goblins that typically takes place in an undefined time and includes a magical transformation.

Heroic or Homeric Period

A period dating from $1200-800 BCE$ involving hero legends from the oral tradition, such as The Illiad and The Odyssey.

Dramatic irony

Also known as POV Irony, it is a discrepancy between what a character believes and what the reader knows to be true.

The Renaissance

A literary movement from the late $14$th to $16$th centuries characterized by humanism, order, and imitation, including the works of Shakespeare.

Miscue analysis

A technique for studying how a student's oral reading differs from the printed text to identify reading strategies and problems.

Transitive verb

A verb used in a sentence that names the receiver of the action.

Intransitive verb

A verb used in a sentence that does not name a receiver of the action.

Linking verb

A verb that joins the subject of a sentence with an adjective or a noun.

Incluing

The technique of gradually revealing details about a story's world to the reader.

Infodumping

The practice of putting a large, concentrated amount of background information into a story all at once.

Sonnet

A poem consisting of $14$ lines with a specific rhyme scheme.

Kennings

Figurative descriptions of people or things commonly used in Old Norse and Anglo-Saxon narrative poetry.

Holistic scoring

A method of judging the overall quality of writing based on total impression rather than evaluating individual mistakes.

In media res

A Latin term meaning "in the middle of things," used to describe a story that begins in the middle of the action.

Read-share-write

A content area writing technique where students read a passage, summarize it orally, record their understanding, and discuss it with a partner.

Static character

A character who remains unchanged throughout the course of a plot, such as Mr. Collins in Pride and Prejudice.

Dynamic character

A character who undergoes a change in response to experiences or circumstances, such as Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet.

Accismus

A rhetorical device involving a pretended or ironic refusal of something that one actually desires.

Anacoluthon

A sentence that shifts its grammatical structure mid-construction, often to suggest excitement or disturbance.

Anastrophe

The deliberate reversal of normal word order, such as exchanging the positions of a noun and an adjective, for dramatic impact.

Aphorism

A brief, witty statement that expresses a truth or opinion, often in the form of a proverb or maxim.

Appositive

A noun or pronoun placed beside another noun to explain or identify it, usually offset by commas.

Archetype

A universal symbol, character, or situation that represents patterns of human nature, such as the Hero or the Mentor.

Bildungsroman

A type of novel that follows the education, maturation, and development of a protagonist from childhood to adulthood.

Blank Verse

Unrhyming verse written in iambic pentameter, which features $10$ syllables per line in an unstressed-stressed pattern.

Burlesque

A comic style that creates an extravagant incongruity between a subject and its treatment, such as treating the serious lightly.

Caesura

A grammatical pause or break in a line of poetry, typically occurring near the middle of the line.

Catharsis

An emotional discharge leading to a state of spiritual renewal or liberation from stress.

Cento

A poem composed of lines taken from other poems; the term is Latin for "patchwork."

Cinquain

A five-line poem with a specific syllable structure: $2, 4, 6, 8, 2$ syllables respectively per line.

Conceit

An intellectually imaginative and unlikely figure of speech that compares two vastly different objects using a metaphor or simile.

Independent clause

A group of related words including a subject and a verb that can function alone as a complete sentence.

Subordinate clause

A clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction and cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Cognate

Words that share the same origin or root word.

Clustering

A nonlinear organizational tool that begins with a single word idea and builds outward to help organize paragraphs.

Concept mapping

A visual tool that illustrates hierarchical relationships between concepts linked by explaining phrases.

Conflict types

The various clashes in literature, categorized as Physical, Social, Internal/Psychological, or Metaphysical.

Correlative Conjunctions

Pairs of words that link balanced phrases or clauses, such as both/and, either/or, and neither/nor.

Connotation

The implied emotional or cultural meaning associated with a word beyond its literal definition.

Contranym

A word that can function as its own antonym, meaning it has two opposite meanings.

Dactyl

A metrical foot consisting of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables.

Denouement

The resolution of a complicated plot in fiction, acting as a synonym for catastrophe.

Donald Graves's writing principles

A set of $6$ principles focused on the writing process: Time, Modeling, Ownership, Conferencing, Revising, and Postwriting/Publishing.

Emendation

The process of seeking to restore a text to its most authentic form by correcting misquotes or alterations.

Epigram

A short, pithy poem or saying, usually satirical and featuring a quick twist at the end.

Epiphany

A moment in a story where a character achieves a sudden realization or awareness that changes their perspective.

Etymology

The study of the origins and historical development of words.

Existentialism

A philosophy that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and the absence of an objective rational basis for moral choice.

Fair Use Doctrine

A rule allowing teachers to make a limited number of copies of copyrighted works for classroom use.

Faulty predication

A grammatical error where the subject and verb do not logically make sense together.

Chiasmus

A verbal pattern where the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but reversed, creating a mirror effect.

Litotes

A figure of speech where an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite, acting as a form of understatement.

Flesch-Kincaid Formula

A method to assess text difficulty and grade level based on average syllables per word and sentence length.

Formative assessments

Low-stakes assessments used to monitor learning and provide ongoing feedback to improve instruction and student performance.

Gerund

A verbal form ending in -ing that functions as a noun in a sentence.

Grotesque

A literary style concerned with the distortion of boundaries, fitting between the real and the fantastic or funny and frightening.

Hamartia

The tragic flaw in a hero's character that leads to their downfall.

Harlem Renaissance

A period from $1920$ to $1940$ representing a flowering of African American cultural and intellectual life.

Homophones

Words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings and spellings.

Homographs

Words that have the same spelling but different meanings and do not necessarily share the same pronunciation.

Ad hominem

A logical fallacy that involves attacking an opponent's character rather than addressing their opinion or argument.

Bandwagon fallacy

The error of concluding an idea has merit simply because it is popular or many people believe it.

Slippery slope

A logical fallacy asserting that allowing a small event will inevitably lead to a major, negative consequence.

Straw man

A fallacy that involves misrepresenting or oversimplifying an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack.

Magical realism

A literary style, often associated with Latin America, that incorporates fantastic elements into realistic settings.

Malapropism

The unintentional and ridiculous misuse of a word by confusing it with one of a similar sound.

Metonymy

A figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated.

Motif

A recurring object, idea, or image throughout a literary work that helps develop the central theme.

Naturalism

A literary movement suggesting humans lack a soul and focusing on the physical existence and darker sides of life like poverty and injustice.

Noam Chomsky's stages

A series of language development steps, with the fourth stage being 'Telegraphic' speech.

Onomatopoeia

A word that imitates the natural sound of the thing it describes.

Picaresque

A style of fiction about the episodic adventures of a roguish or dishonest protagonist.

Pidgin language

A simplified language developed for communication between groups who do not share a common language; it has no native speakers.

Pragmatics

The study of the role of context in the interpretation of meaning and social language rules.

Slant rhyme

Also called near or half rhyme, this describes words that end in similar sounds but do not rhyme perfectly.

Terza Rima

A verse form using interlocking three-line iambic stanzas with the rhyme scheme aba, bcb, cdc, etc.

Summative Assessments

High-stakes evaluations, such as final exams, used to measure student learning at the end of an instructional unit.

Synecdoche

A figure of speech where a part of something is used to represent the whole, or vice versa.

Zeugma

A figure of speech where a single word, usually a verb, applies to more than one noun in different senses.

Beowulf

An anonymous Anglo-Saxon epic from roughly $700 AD$ about a warrior who kills the monster Grendel and later a dragon.

Things Fall Apart

A $1959$ novel by Chinua Achebe depicting the struggle between traditional Igbo culture and the arrival of white colonial government.

Fahrenheit 451

A $1953$ dystopian novel by Ray Bradbury where books are outlawed and firemen burn them to ensure a mass culture of ignorance.

Animal Farm

A $1945$ anti-totalitarian fable by George Orwell attacking political oppression and the excesses of the Communist Party.

Slaughterhouse-Five

A $1969$ novel by Kurt Vonnegut Jr. that blends satire and science fiction to illustrate the destructiveness of war through the character Billy Pilgrim.