Classification, Properties, and States of Matter Review Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering classification of matter, physical and chemical properties and changes, states of matter, phase changes, thermal energy, and heating curves based on lecture review notes.

Compound

A substance formed from atoms of two or more elements chemically joined in a fixed proportion that can be broken down into simpler elements.

Physical Change

A change in which the properties and composition of matter remain the same, such as freezing, boiling, evaporation, coloring, or cutting.

Chemical Change

A change in which the properties and composition of matter are changed into different substances, such as burning or rusting.

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture that has an even distribution of materials throughout, such as lemonade or salt water.

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture that has an uneven distribution of materials and is not blended, such as trail mix.

Pure Substance

Matter that has a fixed, uniform composition and identical properties throughout, consisting of only one type of atom (element like $He$) or chemically combined elements in fixed proportions (like $O_2$).

Solid

A state of matter in which particles vibrate in fixed positions, have low kinetic energy, strong attraction forces, and maintain a definite shape and volume.

Liquid

A state of matter with a definite volume but no definite shape, where particles have higher kinetic energy and lower attractive forces than solids so they can slide past one another.

Gas

A state of matter with indefinite volume and indefinite shape, whose particles have very high kinetic energy and move at high speeds in random, straight lines.

Viscosity

The resistance of a liquid to flow, where honey is an example of a liquid with a high rating of this property.

Plasma

A highly energized state of matter consisting of charged particles (ions and electrons) found in stars.

Deposition

The phase change in which a gas transitions directly into a solid, such as frost forming on a cold windshield from water vapor.

Solidification

The phase change in which a liquid solidifies into a solid, such as molten iron hardening in a mold.

Sublimation

The phase change in which a substance transitions directly from a solid state to a gas state without becoming a liquid first, as seen in dry ice.

Evaporation

Vaporization that occurs at the surface of a liquid at various temperatures below the boiling point.

Boiling

Vaporization that occurs throughout the entire liquid only at its specific boiling point.

Condensation

The phase change in which water vapor or gas loses thermal energy and changes state from a gas into a liquid.

Law of Conservation of Mass

A scientific law stating that matter is not created or destroyed during a physical or chemical change, meaning total mass remains constant (e.g., melting $50\,g$ of ice produces $50\,g$ of liquid water).

Physical Property

A characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing what the substance is, such as color, density, shape, viscosity, conductivity, malleability, melting point, boiling point, or freezing point.

Chemical Property

A property that can be observed only when the substances in a sample of matter are changing into different substances, such as flammability, reactivity, or toxicity.

Boiling Point

The temperature at which a liquid boils and transitions to a gas, represented as $100\,^\circ\text{C}$ on the sample heating curve.

Freezing Point

The temperature at which a liquid transitions into a solid when cooled, represented as $0\,^\circ\text{C}$ on the sample heating curve.

Heating Curve

A graph showing phase changes and temperature changes as heat energy is added to a substance over time.

Cooling Curve

The type of curve obtained when reading a thermal heating curve graph in reverse from right to left, representing thermal energy loss over time.