Chapter 12.7-8 (reign of terror and Napoleonic age) Test

What 2 groups were going against each other during the reign of terror?

Sans Culottes vs. Nobility

why did louis XVI (16th) flee Versailles in the summer of 1791? were was he trying to flee to?

Because the revolutionaries were after him while he was trying to flee to Austria.

what happened when louis XVI (16th) was captured after trying to escape to Austria

He was sent back to Paris.

Why did Austria and Prussia go to war against France?

Because they warned the revolutionary's that if they tried to dethrone louis XVI (16th) they would use military power in defense to of Louis.

what happened to louis the 16th and his family during the reign of terror?

They got arrested.

what caused the birth of the French republic?

Louis the 16th gave up his throne

Why was louis XVI (16th) guilty for conspiring against liberty?

He pretended to be on the revolutionary's side but in fact, he was on the Austrian's side who were against the revolutionaries.

How did Louis XVI (16th) die?

Guillotine

what happened after louis XVI died? why?

Lead to a civil war because people still like louis XVI (16th) and didn't believe he should have been killed.

who were the groups that fought against each other due to Louis XVI (16th) death

Monarchists vs. revolutionarys

Who said this: "Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt severe inflexibility, therefore an elimination of virtue, not so much a special principle as it is a consequence of the general principle of democracy applied to our country's most urgent needs" and who did they say it to?

Maximilien Robespierre addressed to national convention

"Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt severe inflexibility, therefore an elimination of virtue, not so much a special principle as it is a consequence of the general principle of democracy applied to our country's most urgent needs." What does this quote mean?

It means that security comes from terror and is a good thing that comes from democracy. dangerous defense

Who was Marat?

Robespierre's close ally

Why was Marat assassinated?

Because he was sawn as dangerous

who assassinated Marat? Who were they?

Charlotte Corday, a Girondist

How many people were executed during the reign of terror?

16,000+

How many people died in prison during the reign of terror?

10,000+

what was Robespierre arrested for?

Treason

How did Robespierre die? did he receive a trial?

Guillotined, no

What was the Thermidorian Reaction?

Ended the reign of terror by reacting to what happened

What were the sweeping reforms?

Remaking of the government after Robespierre's death.

What was the Directory?

Constitution drafted by National covention

who voted it in?

male property owners

How many people were in the executive branch of the directory and what were there roles

5 directors, leaders of directory

What were the problems of the Directory

Economic chaos,
Continued war with Great Brittain, Austria, and Sardinia,

What was a big risk for the country due to the directory?

Bankruptcy

What did Bankruptcy allow for during the times of the directory

Allowed for weakened state and opened a door for Napoleon.

Who was the man who pointed a sword at Napoleon's chest and why? and what was his relation to Napoleon?

Lucien: to show the members of the Directory that he would not let Napoleon harm the government, Napoleons brother.

who did Napoleon overthrow?

The directory

What did Napoleon represent/ what 2 words represent him?

Military/ tyrannical

how did Napoleon have unlimited power?

Because he was Consul for life

What was the new constitution under Napoleon?

The Consulate

Who approved Napoleons new constitution?

By the people by plebiscite

What does Plebiscite mean?

direct vote by the people to approve or reject a proposal on an important public issue/ decision.

Who made up the Executive Branch of the Consulate?

3 consuls

Did the 2 other consuls other than Napoleon have any power? Why or why not?

No because Napoleon had all the power, they were just figureheads.

Did the legislative branch have any real power in the Consulate? Why?

no because Napoleon had all the power?

What was the Napoleonic code?

a set of legal code

What did the Napoleonic code do?

Set up public education
Improved roads
Made France an international leader.

What did Napoleon recognize Catholicism as in France?

religion of most citizens

What was the deal Napoleon had with the Church? What was the Church's side of the deal, and what was Napoelon in the Concordat?

Church admitted to not getting their seized lands back and Napoleon allowed for the church to choose its own leaders.

What marked the beginning of the French empire?

France to be an empire as voted by the people by plebiscite.

Who gave Napoleon his power?

Himself

what was Napoleons goal for the battle of Trafalgar?

to weaken Britain's fleet for a land invasion

where is Trafalgar located?

off the coast of Spain

who won at Trafalgar/

Britain

Who was an important person that died during the battle of Trafalgar? who was he?

Horatio Nelson, was the British admiral of the British fleet

What was the HMS Victory?

Flagship of Britain's fleet

Why was there no chance for Napoleon to invade Great Brittain?

Because Brittain was protected from foreign occupation

What 2 countries make up the Iberian peninsula?

Spain and Portugal

What was the Continental system?

a French blockade that stopped territories conquered by France from trading with Britain in order to weaken them.

What did Spain refuse and what did Napoleon do because of this?

Spain refused the Continental system, so Napoleon forced Spain's king to give up his throne.

Who did Napoleon replace Spain's king with?

His brother Joseph

What did the duke of wellington do?

lead the British and the Spanish against Napoleon.

Who did the Spanish drive out of their government and what did they do after this?

They drove out Joseph Bonaparte and installed a new constitution with limited monarchy.

Who did the Grand army invade?

Russia

What city did the Grand army capture before retreating?

Moscow

how was the Grand army weakened?

Harsh climates, the size of Russia, and Russians burning everything, so nothing was left behind for the Grand Army.

What is the term used to describe a place burned to leave nothing behind?

Scorched earth

What did the Russians do while the French were retreating?

They followed them

What happened while the Grand army was on its way back to France?

other countries joined Russia and weakened the Grand army on its way back to France.

What were the wars of liberation?

A war between France and all the countries it captured

What did the allies capture, what did they do to Napoleon?

They captured Paris and sent Napoleon on Exile to Elba

What were the series of events in order of the Russian campaign?

1. Grand army invades Russia
2. Moscow captured/ Grand army weakened by many factors.
3. Russians follow the retreating French
4. European countries join Russia to weaken the Grand army on its way back to France.
5. Wars of liberation
6. Napoleon retreats to France and Allies capture Paris
7. Napoleon sent on Exile to Elba

What did Napoleon do to Josephine

Divorced her

Who did Napoleon marie after divorcing Josephine?

Marie Louise

who was Marie Louise/ Napoleons new wife

Emperor Francis 1 eldest daughter

Why did Napoleon escape Elba?

To go back to France and reclaim his power

Who was Marshal Ney

Leader of the men that were tasked with sending Napoleon back on exile.

What happened to Marshal Ney

he joined Napoleon instead

How many days did Napoleon have power for after coming back from Elba and reclaiming his power?

100 days

Who was Napoleon fighting against at the battle of Waterloo?

Duke of wellington and Prussia's field Marshal Blucher.

Where was Napoleon exiled to again? where was it located? Why was he sent there?

St. Helena off the coast of Africa, to make it impossible for him to come back.

What were Napoleons final words?

"I die before my time, killed by the English oligarchy and its hire assassins."

What did the Congress of Vienna try to restore? did this work?

Balance of power did not work because Russia, Prussia, and Austria were stronger than other countries

What happened to former ruling families after the congress of Vienna? who were they

Some were restored to their thrones, and some were not, the bourbons, and some Italian states

What were the 4 problems that happened after the congress of Vienna

1. Winners argued over territory
2. Prussia, Austria, and Russia could become too strong
3. Threat of war loomed
4. Not all Monarchs (Italian states) were restored to the throne

what French Monarchial family returned to power after the congress of Vienna?

The bourbons

What was the problem with the bad distribution of power during the Congress of Vienna?

Russia, Austria, and Prussia became too strong

What did victorious countries receive after the Congress of Vienna

Former French dominated land

What were the 3 things the Congress of Vienna wanted to achieve?

1. Compensate countries
2. Restore balance of power
3.Restore former families to their Thrones