9781260464009-Chapter-16-Cryptographic-Concepts

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26 Terms

1

Cryptography

The science and art of encrypting information, ensuring its confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity during transmission and storage.

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2

Cipher

A systematic method for transforming readable information into an unreadable format, allowing secure communication. The term originates from the Arabic word 'sifr,' which signifies empty or zero.

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3

Plaintext

The original and unencrypted text or data that is easily readable; it is the input for encryption algorithms to generate ciphertext.

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4

Ciphertext

The encrypted output resulting from applying an encryption algorithm to plaintext, rendering it unreadable without the proper decryption method.

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5

Digital Signature

A cryptographic mechanism that uses public key cryptography to authenticate the origin of a digital message, ensuring that it has not been altered.

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6

Key Length

The size of cryptographic keys, usually measured in bits, which directly affects the security level of encryption; longer keys generally provide stronger security.

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7

Symmetric Encryption

A method of encryption where the same secret key is used for both encrypting and decrypting messages, requiring a secure way to share the key.

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8

Asymmetric Encryption

A cryptographic system that employs a pair of keys: a public key used for encryption and a private key used for decryption, enhancing security for key distribution.

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9

Hash Function

A computational algorithm that converts input data of any size into a fixed-size string of characters, typically used to ensure data integrity and security.

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10

Key Exchange

The method by which cryptographic keys are securely shared between parties, enabling encrypted communication without the risk of interception.

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11

Perfect Forward Secrecy

A cryptographic principle guaranteeing that session keys are not compromised even if the long-term private key is eventually breached, enhancing privacy.

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12

Quantum Cryptography

The application of quantum mechanics principles to create secure communication channels, relying on quantum phenomena to ensure information privacy.

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13

Lightweight Cryptography

Cryptographic schemes designed to operate effectively in environments with limited resources, such as IoT devices, by minimizing processing and memory usage.

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14

Steganography

The method of concealing a message within another medium (e.g., embedding data within images), thus making the presence of the message undetectable.

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15

Nonce

A unique number or value used only once in a cryptographic session to prevent replay attacks by ensuring freshness and uniqueness in transactions.

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16

Entropy

A measure of randomness and unpredictability in cryptographic keys or systems, with higher entropy indicating stronger security against attacks.

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17

Homomorphic Encryption

An advanced encryption technique that permits computations to be performed on ciphertext without revealing the underlying plaintext, preserving privacy.

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18

Blockchain

A decentralized ledger technology that records transactions in a secure, immutable manner across a network of computers, ensuring transparency and resistance to tampering.

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19

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)

A form of public key cryptography based on the properties of elliptic curves, allowing for smaller keys compared to other systems while maintaining equal security levels.

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20

Key Stretching

A technique that reinforces weak cryptographic keys by applying additional computational efforts, thereby increasing the resistance to brute-force attacks.

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21

Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD)

An encryption scheme that simultaneously provides confidentiality for the data and integrity checks for associated data, ensuring both aspects are secure.

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22

Counter Mode (CTM)

An encryption method that transforms a block cipher into a stream cipher by encrypting a sequential counter value and combining it with the plaintext.

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23

Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)

An encryption mode that links the encryption of blocks such that each plaintext block is combined with the previous ciphertext block to enhance security.

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24

Stream Ciphers

Encryption algorithms designed to encrypt data bit by bit or byte by byte, making them ideal for real-time applications requiring minimal latency.

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25

Block Ciphers

Cryptographic algorithms used to encrypt data in fixed-size blocks, forming the basis of many encryption standards for secure communications.

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26

Nonrepudiation

A critical principle in cryptography that ensures that a sender cannot deny sending a message, thus providing proof of the origin and integrity of transmitted data.

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