APUSH Period 4 Vocab (1800-1848)

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President, 1800-1808, served 2 terms, known as the founder and leader of the Democratric Republican party and led with policies of neutrality (altho he wanted to support France) and he decreased the power of the central government through consolidated military, less federal workers, and a lowered federal tax. He had a peaceful presidency.

Aron Burr

Jefferson’s VP in 1800-1804 but lost to him in a tie in the House vote in the 1804 election and tried to plan a New England group with the Quids political party to secede from the nation, however it failed and he in 1806 was arrested after a conspiracy to gain control of Louisiana. 

Louisiana Purchase

15 million dollar purchase by us diplomats of Luisiana and much of the western territory around there from the French. Controversial because it begs the question what is constitutional and what is a power of the presidency. Widely approved, but rejected by some federalist senators.

Lewis and Clark

Explorers who explored the land later gained in the Louisiana purchase from 1804-1806 that increased maps, knwoedlege of the land and region, relations with Natives, claims to land in Orgeon for Americans, and routes for fur trappers.

Barbary Pirates

Pirates from the Barbary Sates of North Africa that sized US Ships. Washington and Adams had payed their government to prohibit the pirating however they demanded a higher price from Jefferson, who refused to pay it and instead sent the navy to protect US Ships. It did not stop the pirating entroley but provided protection and increased respect toward the US. (from 1801-1805 navy was sent).

Impressment

British act of capturing US ships and forcing US sailors aboard whom they claimed to be British to join the British navy. 

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

in 1807 the British ship Leopard fired at the US Ship the Chesapeake and killed 3 US Sailors and impressed 4 others. This increased anti-british feeling in the US and led to the Embargo Act. 

Embargo Act (1807)

An act that prohibited US ships from entering any foreign ports to try to get Britain to back down from impressing US Ships because of need for US goods. It failed, didn’t impact Britain and they didn't stop, caused great economic hardship on New England ship builders and manufacturers as they couldn't sell their goods outside of the US. New England tried to secede as a result. It was repealed in 1809. 

James Madison

4th President of the US, a democratic republican from Virginia, had similar tactics to Jefferson, used diplomacy but eventually agreed to bring the US to war in 1812, served 1809-1817.

Nointercourse Act of 1809

Americans can now trade with all countries/foreign nations besides Britain and France.

John Marshall

Federalists chief justice who believed in a strong central government with flexible powers and established judicial review in Marbury vs Madison.

Judicial Review

The court’s ability to deem an action of one of the branches of federal government or a law unconstitutional as a means of overriding the two branches.  Established in 1803 by cheif justice John Marshall in Marbury vs Madison. 

Marbury vs. Madison

Supreme court case in 1803 where cheife justice John marshal ruled that Adams appinted judge would not receive their judgeship under Jefferson's presidency because the Judiciary Act of 1789 violated the Constitution thus establishing the principle of judicial review. 

Mccolluch v Maryland

1819- Marhsall decides that us has implied power to create national bank and because of suprmacy clause, maryaldn cannot tax ( a state) the federal bank. 

Dartmouth College v Woodward

1819- Marhsall structure down new hampshire state law, private corp contract cannot be altered by state, Dartmouth college becomes public.

Gibbons v Ogden

1821 supreme court case that gave fed goveernment broad control over state commerce, new York monopoly on steamboats is unconstutiontional.

Era of good feelings

1816-1824, the two terms of James Monroe’s presidency known for nationalism and positivity and unity with only one national political party (democratic Republicans). (in some definitions stops in 1819 during the recession and as the political party begins to split)

James Monroe

5th President of the US, served from 1817-1825, he was a democratic republican from Virginia known for acquiring Florida, the Monroe doctrine, and the Missouri compromise.

Henry Clay

Kentucky rep in the House of Representatives, created an economic plan called the American System and proposed the Misouri Compromise

The American System

An economic plan for the US created by Henry Clay that proposed protective tariffs to make consumers buy US products more, a second national bank (the first was set to have expired 5 years prior in 1811), and internal improvements (roads and canals). 

Second Bank of the US

Second national bank created in 1816 and placed in Maryland (because the first expired) as part of Henry Clay’s plan in the American System, to regulate internal improvements and protective tariffs. Topic of debate causing Maryland vs McCulloch in 1819 leads to the Panic of 1819. 

Panic of 1819

A financial panic and economic recession from the tightening of debit from the second national bank, done to control rising inflation. Caused a debit crisis and lots of land in the west to be foreclosed, Tus leading to a shift in western politics as they now oppose a national bank and protective tariffs. (during Monroe’s 1st term).

Missouri Compromise

Compromise in congress created by Henry Clay to decide if Missouri would be a free or slave state when accepted into the union and what to do with other emerging states in the Louisiana purchase territory because it was highlight debated as this would tip the power scale in Congress. It consistsned of three bills, admitting Misouri as a slave state, admitting Maine as a free state, and deciding all land north of the 36th parallel in the Louisiana purchase territory would have no slavery.

Tecumseh

Native warrior who tried to rally tribes (with Prophet) against the US in the battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.

Prophet

Native religious leader who worked with Tecumseh to try to rally tribes against the US in the battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle in 1811 led by natives Tecumseh and Prophet against the US in Indiana territory, led by governor William Henry Harrison over land. The natives lose to the US and thus are pushed further west. 

William Henry Harrison

Govenor of Indiana Territory who led US in battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 against natives and won, thus pushing them further west. 

John C. Callhun

Representative from South Carolina in the House of Representatives, a warhawk who pushed for war with Great Britian in the House. 

Franciss Scott Key

Held out the army at Fort McHenry during British fire which created the birth of the Star Spangled Banner.

Andrew Jackson

Eventually President known for the trail of tears, also the general of the US army in the South during  the War of 1812, led the Battle of the horeshoe and the battle of New Orleans, both victories, establishing his legacy as killer of natives. 

Battle of New Orleans

Jan 8, 1815, fought two weeks after the end of the war because word of the peace agreement had not yet reached general Andrew Jackson who led the attack, and won. 

Treaty of Ghent

Peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 with Britian, made in 1814, ratified in the US in 1815, basically changed nothing, just stopped the war, land belonged to whomever it beglonged to prior to the start of the war.

War of 1812

War between Britian and US, Madison finally took the US to war with Britain and pushed for Congress to declare war, as warhawks such as John C. Callhun also pushed for. Lasted form 1812 until the treaty of Gehnt was created in 1814 and raftiyed in 1815. It startedbecause of British impressment of us sailors, the Embargo Act of 1807 leading to fialing economy, the nonintercourse act of 1809, Macon’s Bill #2, and problems with natives such as the battle of Tippecanoe. Known as Mr Madison's war, the main events include Battle of Fort McHenry, Battle of Horseshoe bend, and battle of New Orleans.  

Hartford Convention

Meeting on Dec 14 1814 of Federalists in New Engalnd who were mad at the war, wanted the Consitution to be amended, and were struggling financially. They proposed seceding from the union however they agreed not to.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 policy by President James Monroe declaring the US off limits to Europe and former colonization powers. 

Erie Canal

a canal in New York built in 1825 which led to the building of a system of canals and rivers westward that increased economic ties between the east and Midwest, increased immigration to the west, and decreased food prices in the east. 

National Road/Cumberland Road

a paved highway extending westward from Maryland to Illinois started in 1811 and finished in the 1850s from both federal and separate state funding. 

Robert Fulton

Designed the Clermont, a steamboat that travelled up the Hudson River in 1807. Steamboats transported goods cheaper and faster as the transportation time previously was 7 weeks and became less than 3 weeks. 

Railroads

Built starting in the 1820s carrying people and goods and leading to the population of and building of major Midwest cities such a as Chicago and other cities such as Cincinati, Clevland, and Detroit, increased immigration to the west, and an increase of Midwest produced wear and corn sold in New York. Railroads were less common in the South.

Telegraph

Communication device invented in 1844 by Samuel M. Morse which transmitted messages along worse strung across the country to increase communication speeds greatly which was particularly advantageous to military and political leaders who were now able to communicate swfitly. 

Eli Witney

Famous American inventor who created improved technologies including using interchangeable parts in rifle making and the cotton gin (in 1783). 

Interchangeable Parts

Identical components that can be used to make a final product, easily mass produced and cheap to make, used By Eli Whitney in rifle manufacturing.

Lowell System

System of recruiting young farm women to work in textile factories started by Lowell Textile factory in the 1830s. 

Factory System

Growth and reliance of northeast and whole US economy on manufacturing and production of goods in factories. Started with the first US textile mill in 1791 from stolen British factory plans by immigrant Samuel Slater. Helped by the Embargo Act, War of 1812, and mostly protective tariffs.

Cotton Gin

Invention created by Eli Witney in 1793 which easily seperated cotton fiber from the seed causing cotton to dominate the economy of the south, increased southern use fo slaves, and connected the economies of each of the regions (the South grew cotton, the north helped work in transporting the cotton, new engalnd textile mills used teh cotton in manufacturing products, and the midwest grew food to sell to the south so they coulf docus more land and recources to growing cotton).

Market Revolution

The shift in the 1820s to 1860s from an agrigarian economy to a mixed economy through increased and improved transportation such as the building of canals, interstate roads and highways, and railraods. Inventions such as the steamboat and growth of textile mills and the cotton gin increased productivity of producing goods and decreased costs. Thus, there was increased immigration westward and growth of cities in the Midwest and along the Atlantic coast. 

Universal White Male Sufferage

As new states were accepted into the union (Indiana in 1816, Illinois in 1818, and Missouri in 1821) they adopted state constitutions that gave all white men the right to vote and hold office regardless of religion or owning property. This was soon after adopted by many states in the north which greatly increased voter turnout for Presidential elections and allowed more men in lower classes to hold low government offices.

Common Man

the involvement of lower and middle class white men in politics due to improvements in education, increased newspaper circulation, changes in political parties and campaigns, and suffrage laws. 

Party Nominating Conventions

The gathering of party politicians and voters in a large meeting hall to nominate the party’s canidates for an election. A more democratic practice of participatory democracy s that replaced cacauses in the 1830s and was first used by the Anti-masonic Party. 

Anti-Masonic Party

A third party and the first political party to hold a party nominating convention, a democratic practice showing their commitment to represent the people.  they were against elite societies and in campaigns went after secret societies of Masonics and accused them of begi 

King Caucus

A closed door meeting of a political party’s leaders in Congress to decide the party’s canidates running in an election, didn’t include the people’s oppinions or vote and was replaced by party nominating conventions in the 1830s.

The Workingmen’s Party

A third party rising in the 1830s who tried to unite artisans and skilled laborors into political organizations. 

The spoils system

the practice of firing government workers of the party not affiliated with whomever they work under (usually president) and replaced by a loyal member of that person’s party. Used by Andrew Jackson.

Popular Campaining

practice that begun being used in the 1830s and 40s of making political campaigns appeal to the common man through large rallies and parades with floats and free foods but mostly through slander against the opponent which shifted the topics away from the real issues they were running to represent. 

Popular election of the President (electors)

The people now directly vote for their electors in the electoral college who then vote for the President on their behalf (used to be Congress elected the electors) which was another way to increase civic participation.

Corrupt Bargain

4 candidates ran for President from the Democratic repiblican party in 1824 due to open elections and John Quincy Adams won by vote in house of reps due to not enough majority to eaither candidate in electorall college. he then made Henry Clay, one of his opponents in the race, his secretary of state and Andrew Jackson accused the two of getting their positions through corrupt bagrians with eachother and house members.

John Quincy Adams

President from 1825 to 1829, won the 1824 election and was accused of the Corrupt Bargain. Supported tarrif laws, internal improvements, national college to help northern manufacterers.

Revolution of 1828

When Andrew Jackson became president from his second election though lots of mudslinging, discontent among west and south towards Quincy Adamd, and Jackson´s rep as a common man, war hero, and man of the frontier.

Peggy Eaton Affair

Peggy Eaton was the wife of Andrew Jacksons secretaory of war an was bullied by the wives of the other cabinnet memebers and upon Jackson forcing them to be freindly to her, their husbands regined inlcding vp john C. Callhun who was replaced by martin van buren. 

John C. Callhun

VP to Jakcson in his first term but resigned after first term due to Peggy Eaton affair.

Martin Van Buren

Replaced John c. Callhun as vp to Jackson in his second term becausehe was loyal, as a result of the Peggy Eaton affair. 

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Law made during jacksons presidenecy that forced natives off of the land, many tribes complied but mnay cherokee did not. 

Cherokee nation v Georgia in 1831

Georgia made state laws similar to indian removal act forcing native soff the land causing cherokee to sue saying its unconstitutional but the us supreme court ruled in this case that they cannot sue bc they are not a fogrein nation., 

Worcester v Georgia 1832

Supreme court case which ruled that Georgia law could not be applied on Cherokee land, however it was not upheld because Jackson sided with the states rights. 

Trail of Tears

Forced removal and movement westward of 15,000 Cherokees in 1838 (right after jackson leaves office) by the US army in which 4,000 died on the journey. 

Nullification Crisis

John C. Callhun lead South Carolina in heated debates advocating for states rights and they nullified the tarrif laws of 1828 and 1832. Jakcson wanted union and one united govenrment so he stopped his inital plan to repsond with force and got Congress to decrease the tarrifs so Calhun revoked the nullification.

Bank of the United States

Henry Clay got congress to vote to reinstate the national bank, however Jackson vetoed it as henry clay was his opp but he also beleived the bank was suspicous, supported the wealthy, and was unconstitutional. 

Two party system

Under Jefferson the counrty went back to a system of two major politcla partys (only one during Monroe era of good feelings) as the Democractic republican party split into two: whigs and democrats. 

Democrats

Political party of Andrew JAckson and his supporters similar to previous Democratic republican party under jefferson. 

Whigs

Political party of Henry Clay and his supporters more similar to the federalists and they believed in money for intrenal imoorvments and a national bank. 

Pet banks

Jackson trasnfered all of the funds in the national bak to different state banks reffered to as pet banks by critics, he did this to get rid of teh national bank which he hated, however it causef inflation which he tried to resolve by specie circiular making western land be bought only in gold and silver, which reduced value of dollar and caused eocnomic depression, panic of 1837. 

Log Cabin and Hard Cider campaign of 1840

William Henry harrison, war hero of battle of tippecanoe wins election by shwoing humble orginis through log cabin floats in parades and passing out hard cider. Whigs win and demosnrtate party as a national party in light of anger against democrats bad econemy, however harrison died almost immediatly abd vp leans into democratic policies. 

Transcendentalists

New england thinkers and writers such as Emerson and Thoreau who believed in finding individual truth within oneself, individual acts of heroism, intuition, feeling, and leaving materialistic values by focusing on nature. They supported indivodiaulsm and artistsic expression and god in nature over the purosity of wealth or established churches and buisness practices. Also suppiorted antislavery movement.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Famous transcendentalist writer and speaker from concord, MA (1803-1882) who believed in creating a distinct American culture, self-reliance and independent thinkers, unions (during civil war), and the antislavery movement during the 1850s. 

Henry David Thoreau

Transendentalist writer from concord MA, freind of Emerson, who blieved in looking to nature to find essential turths and he lived in the woods for 2 yrs, writing about such experiement in his best known book Walden. He also was anti Us-mexico war and wrote about the need to disobey unkist laws and accept the penalty in civil disobedeience. 

¨On Civil Disobedience¨

Essay written by Henry David Thoreau explaininng the neccesity to disobey unjust laws and accept the conseuqences. It  infleucned world reformers in later years such as Gahndi and MLK JR. 

Brook Farm

A transendentalist community formed in 1841 by George Ripley in Brook Farm, MA of several reformers and intellectuals such as Margret Fuller. It was known for its innovative school, artistic creativity, and appeal to New England eliete. Ended in 1849 due to a fire and debt.

George Ripley

Founder of Brook Farm, MA in 1841, proetstant minister, he wanted to create a union between intellectual and manual labor.

Margret Fuller

Feminist who advocated for womens rights, also and editor and writer, lived on Brook Farm.

Utopia

The idea of a perfect society away from modern society, there were over 100 during this time frame when reform was popular. Examples inlcude Brook farm (for intellectuals and transendentalists in new england), the Shakers (believed in no marriage), the Amana Colonies (germans who believed in simple life), New Harmony (socialists formed by industralist Robert Owen, failed economicaly), Oneida Community (open love). 

Oneida Community

A utopia formed in 1848 by John Noyes with the purpose of equality. Members shared proerty, marriage partners, planned reproduction, and raised children ocmmunally. They reicved lots of critsism but economically propered for the production and selling of very nice silverwear.

John Noyes

Founded Oneida Community in 1848 after he had a religous conversion, he wanted perfect social and economic equality.

Antebellum

The era before the civil war from 1800-1860 with westward expansion, the market revolution, the 2nd great awakening, goriwng divsion betweeen the north and south, states rights movemnets, and social reforms such as the abolishonsit movmenet, womens rights, temperence, and education..

Hudson River school

A painting by Thomas Cole and Fredrick Church expressing the beuaty of wildreness landscapes and the fascination with the natural world.

Second Great Awakening

A time of religous revivals from the late 1700s to mid 1800s reassirting traidtional purtain views of sin and new christian traditions. 

Charles Finley

Prysbeterian Preacher who started religous revivals in 1823 in New York appealong to the middle working class by etaching that all could be saved by making them scared of damnation, though faith and hard work. 

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

Formerly known as the Mormon church, a cooperative religous social orginization created by Joseph Smith in 1830 based of off teh religous Scripture the book of Mormon relating natives and lost tribes of Isreal. They moved from place to place eventaully settling in Utah in New Zion led by Brigham Young. 

Joseph Smith

Founded church of jesus christ of latter day saints in 1830, was killed by a mob in 1830, controversial because of his belief in polygamy, having multiple wives. 

Brigham Young

Second president of church of jesus christ of latter day saints and led them to utah to form utah settlement after Joseph Smith was murdered. 

American Temprence Society

Group of protestant ministers among others formed in 1826 to pursuade drinkers to pledge abstinence.

Womens christian temprence Union

a group that helped pick the topic of temperence back up in the 1870 and get the 18th admendment passed in 1919 banning the sale of intoxicating liquors. 

Dorthea Dix

Former Massachutets school teacher who launched a cross country crussaude to publisice poor treatment of and conditions for the mentally ill in institutions and as a result in the 1840s almost all insituttions were improved or new ones were built. 

Horace Mann

Secretary of the massachuetts Board of Education and leading advocate for the common public school movement pushing for complusory education for all kids, longer shcool year, increased teahcer prep, and teaching literary basics along with morals.

McGuffey Readers

A collection of elementary textbooks used to teach reading and morality such as the virtues of hardwork, punctuality, and sobriety, created by pennsylvania teacher William holmes McGuffey and backed by Horace Mann.

Cult of Domesticity

New view of women as the moral leaders of the home due to mens absense because of working outside the home for wages as a result of industrilization.

Sarah Grimke

opposed slavery and advocated for womens rights, wrote letters on the equality of the sexes and the coditon of women, sister to angelina gremke.

Angelina Grimke

Reformer who opposed slavery and then became femenist advocating for womens rights with her sister Sarah Grimke.

Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women

Written in 1838 by Sarah Grimke demonstrating the female reformersrestmenet of mens regulation of their voices in policy discussions. 

Lucretia Mott

reformer who began advocating anti-slavery but was banned from speaking at a convention and became a womens rights advocate as well. 

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Also advocate for antislavery movement who was bared from spekaing at a conevntion for being a women and became one of the leaders of the womens rights movement campaighning for womens right to vote and won property with Susan B anthony in the 1850s.