Chapter 1: The Central Science

mass

measure of the amount of matter in an object/sample

2 temperature scales used

Celsius and Kelvin scale

Celsius scale formula

C = (*F - 32*F) x 5*C/9*F

Kelvin scale formula

K = *C + 273

volume formula

V = m3 or V = m/d

density formula

d = m/V

physical property

can be observed and measured without changing the identity of a substance

physical change

state of matter changes by identity doesn’t

chemical property

must carry out a chemical change; original substance will no longer exist, identity changes

extensive property

depends on the amount of matter (x)

intensive property

independent of the amount of matter (in)

2 types of numbers

exact and inexact

exact numbers

defined values

inexact numbers

measured by any other method other than counting

significant figures

meaningful digits in a number

sig fig rules

1) nonzero digits ✅

2) sandwiched zeros ✅

3) zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit ❌

4) zeros to the right of the last nonzero digit with a decimal point ✅

addition and subtraction rules

answer can’t have more digits to the right of the decimal point than the original number with the smallest amount

multiplying and dividing rules

number of sig figs is the original number with the smallest amount

accuracy

how close to the true value

precision

how close multiple data are to one another

conversion factor

fraction flipped

dimensional analysis

use of conversion factors in a problem