Class 5 - Childhood Socioemotional and Moral Development: Erikson, Self-Concept, Gender, and Family Influences

What is the focus of Stage 3 in Erikson's Stages of Development?

Initiative vs Guilt, where preschoolers (ages 3 to 5) develop the ability to plan and take initiative to do things independently.

What is the focus of Stage 4 in Erikson's Stages of Development?

Industry vs Inferiority, where children (ages 6 to 12) develop a willingness to work to accomplish goals and build a sense of competence through achievement.

How does self-description change from early childhood to middle to late childhood?

In early childhood, self-description is physical and concrete, while in middle to late childhood, it includes more psychological traits and becomes more realistic.

What role do opinions of others play in a child's self-understanding?

Opinions of others become increasingly important in shaping a child's confidence to be independent and take initiatives.

What is self-concept?

A person's perception and evaluation of oneself in specific domains, such as intelligence, athleticism, and gender.

What is self-esteem?

A global evaluation of oneself as a person.

How are self-concept and self-esteem related to a child's understanding of themselves?

Both contribute to a child's understanding of who and what 'I' am, with self-esteem being shaped by early parent-child interactions.

What is self-efficacy according to Bandura?

The belief that one can master a situation and achieve favorable outcomes, characterized by thoughts like 'I can'.

Why is self-efficacy important for children?

It is a critical factor in whether children achieve and put in effort.

What does theory of mind research indicate about young children's social perception?

Young children are more socially perceptive than Piaget thought, developing cognitive flexibility and empathy.

What is the beginning of understanding discrimination in children?

As children develop a stronger sense of self and social identity, they begin to recognize discrimination and differential treatment based on identity.

What is the significance of anti-racism, anti-bullying, and anti-discrimination education?

It is important as most children belong to at least one stigmatized group and need support in dealing with discrimination.

At what age do most children acquire gender identity?

By age 3, most children acquire a sense of being male or female.

What are gender roles and stereotypes?

Expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.

How are gender differences shaped?

They are shaped by both biological and social influences.

What terminology is associated with gender identity?

Cisgender, transgender, nonbinary, and gender diverse.

What is the importance of reflecting on gender identity experiences?

It helps individuals understand their own gender identity development and the social implications of gender.

What is gender development primarily influenced by?

Gender is a learned behavior influenced by social interactions and cultural norms.

What does social role theory propose about gender differences?

Social role theory, proposed by Alice Eagly, suggests that gender differences arise from the contrasting roles of women and men due to divisions of labor in industrialized societies.

What roles are women and men more likely to occupy according to social role theory?

Women are more likely to work in caretaking roles with less power/status, while men are more likely to work in positions of power and higher-paying industries.

How does social cognitive theory explain children's gender development?

Social cognitive theory, proposed by Bandura, states that children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation, where they are rewarded or punished for gender-appropriate or inappropriate behaviors.

What impact do rewards and punishments have on gender roles?

Rewards and punishments reinforce rigid gender roles.

At what age do children begin to develop self-conscious emotions?

Self-conscious emotions such as guilt, pride, and embarrassment begin to develop around 18 months when self-awareness starts.

What are the two types of parental influence on emotional regulation?

Emotion-coaching, which views negative emotions as teaching opportunities, and emotion-dismissing, which denies or ignores negative emotions.

What is the Hand Model of the Brain associated with?

The Hand Model of the Brain, developed by Daniel Siegel, illustrates how emotional regulation is linked to brain development.

What cognitive strategies do children typically use to cope with stress by age 10?

Children use problem-solving, positive reframing, seeking support, avoidance, and distraction as coping strategies.

How does emotional understanding change in mid to late childhood?

Children become more aware that multiple emotions can coexist in a situation and are better at identifying emotional triggers and regulating their feelings.

What is a key aspect of sexual development in children?

Sexual development is a lifelong process beginning at birth, with curiosity about bodies being normal for children of all ages.

Why is age-appropriate sexual health education important?

It is vital for teaching children about consent and bodily autonomy from early childhood.

What is a common issue regarding children's exposure to sexual content?

Exposure to online pornography is increasingly common in middle childhood.

What does Freud say about moral development?

Freud posits that the conscience acts as an internal regulator of right and wrong, representing the internalized voice of parents and societal rules (superego).

At what age does moral thinking begin according to Piaget?

Moral thinking starts around age 4.

What questions are raised regarding moral issues?

Questions include how we determine right from wrong, whether obeying rules is always right, and what constitutes a larger moral issue.

What are some stereotypes about gendered activities in children?

Stereotypes include the belief that girls prefer dolls and nurturing toys, while boys prefer action figures and competitive games.

How does emotional regulation improve in mid to late childhood?

Children develop better emotional regulation, including redirecting feelings and understanding empathy.

What role does the prefrontal cortex play in emotional development?

The development of the prefrontal cortex is linked to children's improving capacity for self-regulation and emotional management.

What is the significance of teaching consent to children?

Teaching consent is crucial for fostering respect for personal boundaries and bodily autonomy.

How do children learn about gender roles from their environment?

Children learn about gender roles through messages received from family, school, and media.

What are the two stages of morality according to the notes?

Heteronomous morality and Autonomous morality.

What characterizes heteronomous morality?

Ages 4-7, where rules are conceived as unchangeable and there is unilateral respect for rules.

What is autonomous morality?

The understanding that rules and laws are created by people, and intentions must be considered when judging right and wrong.

What are the three levels of Kohlberg's moral reasoning?

Preconventional, Conventional, and Postconventional.

What is preconventional moral reasoning?

Young children seek pleasure and avoid pain and punishment.

What defines conventional moral reasoning?

In middle childhood, children try to follow societal norms and respect for laws.

What is postconventional moral reasoning?

Youth and adults use logic to develop a personal moral code and question the justice of laws.

What role does socializing play in moral development?

Socializing is key to moral development.

What are some complexities of family issues mentioned in the notes?

Sibling rivalry, birth order, only children, single parents, straight and same-sex parents, children with divorced parents, blended families, and grandparents as primary caregivers.

What is the significance of peer relationships in child development?

Peer relationships and friendships become increasingly important, with peer acceptance being paramount.

What are the characteristics of aggression in children as they grow?

Aggression becomes more verbal and personally hostile.

What is the importance of play for child development?

Play helps children learn about socializing, practice skills, regulate stress, and express emotions.

What is spirituality according to the notes?

The search for meaning in life and connection to something larger than ourselves.

What are some ways children may explore spirituality?

Connecting to nature, art, seasonal rituals, and pondering the meaning of existence.

What criticism is mentioned regarding Diana Baumrind's Model of Parenting Styles?

It assumes parents act the same way across all situations and does not account for cultural differences.

What is the role of parenting styles in child development?

Parenting styles influence a child's development and behavior.

What is a key challenge mentioned in peer relationships?

Bullying and cyberbullying are increasingly common challenges.

What should a social worker consider when addressing a child's toilet training issues?

Developmental theories that support the parents' approach.

What questions should be considered when reflecting on childhood events for a timeline?

Are there more peaks than valleys? Is there a definite shape to my chart? What caused the peaks and valleys? Could I have done anything to make the peaks higher and the valleys shallower?

What is the significance of outdoor, unscheduled, risky play?

It is important for children's development.

What is the expected outcome of a child's spiritual development?

To engage in a search for meaning and connection beyond themselves.

What is the importance of recognizing multiple kinds of families in social work?

It is essential to validate and understand the diverse influences on a child's development.