Chapter 8-- Securing the Republic

hamilton’s program: what did Hamilton want to establish

he wanted to establish the nation’s financial stability

hamilton’s program: what were the 5 parts of hamilton’s program

• Make loans available to citizens & said federal government should pay off their debts 

• Creation of new national debt → old debts replaced by new interest-bearing bonds issued by governments creditors 

• Creation of a Bank of the US: served as the main financial agent 

• Raise revenue → tax on producers of whiskey

• Imposition of tariffs & subsidies for incentives 

emergence of opposition: why were some people opposed to hamilton’s plan

• belief that it favored northern states over southern states

• belief that it resisted increased federal power

• feared that a strong central bank would undermine state rights.

the jefferson-hamilton bargain: who were strict constitutionalists

people who insisted that only the laws from the constitution should be enforced

the jefferson-hamilton bargain: what deal did jefferson make with southerners to accept hamilton’s financial plan?

the new u.s. capital would be built between maryland and virginia → creation of washing'ton dc

impact of French revolution: how did the French Revolution impact American politics?

it split Americans into French admirers and French avoiders, sharpening political divisions in the U.S.

impact of French revolution: what was the significance of Jay's Treaty?

Jay’s Treaty guaranteed favored treatment of British goods in exchange for Britain stopping impressment and stealing American ships, but it also ended the American-French alliance and deepened political divisions

impact of French revolution: what was the Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793?

issued by Washington, it declared that the U.S. would remain neutral in the war between France and Britain, avoiding involvement in European conflicts

political parties: what were the two political parties

republicans and federalist

political parties: what did federalist favor

favored Hamilton’s plan & close ties w/ Britain

the republican party: what did the republican party support

democratic self-govt

whiskey rebellion: what was the whiskey rebellion

The Whiskey Rebellion was a violent tax protest in the United States. It challenged the federal government’s authority to levy taxes and was a significant test of federal power

expanding the public sphere

• more citizens got involved w/ politics

• democratic serment was reflected in writings like The Key of Liberty

the democratic-republican societies: what were the democratic-republican societies

• grassroots organizations that advocated for democratic principles and civil liberties

• supported the French revolution and criticized washington’s administration

rights of women: what did Mary Wollstonecraft argue in A Vindication of the Rights of Women?

she argued that human rights should apply to women as well, but didn’t directly challenge traditional gender roles, suggesting education would help women be better mothers and wives

rights of women: who was Hannah Adams and what did she accomplish?

Hannah Adams was the first woman in Massachusetts to support herself as an author, paving the way for women’s independence in writing

rights of women: what was Judith Sargent Murray's view on gender equality?

she believed in “an equality of sexes”, advocating for equal rights and opportunities for women

women and the Republic: why could women interpret laws as including them before the Civil War?

the word "male" didn’t appear in the Constitution until after the Civil War, allowing women to interpret that the laws applied to them as well

women and the Republic: how did ordinary citizens' involvement in government impact the democratization of public life?

it expanded political participation, making the government more representative of the people and deepening the democratization of public life, which started with the American Revolution

election of 1796: what happened when Washington left office

john Adams became president and Thomas Jefferson became vice president

election of 1796: what was the XYZ Affair and how did it affect U.S. relations with France?

during the French Revolution, both France and Britain were stealing American ships. The XYZ Affair, where French agents demanded bribes, poisoned U.S.-French relations, leading to a Quasi-War with France and an alliance with Britain

election of 1796: what was the Fries Rebellion and how did Adams handle it?

farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against taxes to fund the navy and army (Fries Rebellion). Adams responded brutally, shutting it down, which led to many voters refusing to support the Federalists afterward

reign of “witches”: what did the alien and sedition acts of 1798 aimed to do

aimed to increase national security during a time of tension w/ France but limited the freedoms of speech and press and restricted the liberty of noncitizens

reign of witches: what was the alien acts

allowed deportation

reign of witches: what was the sedition acts

made it illegal to criticize the govt

reign of witches: what did the alien and sedition acts limit

• freedom of speech and press

• restricted the liberty of noncitizens

reign of witches: naturalization act

extended from 5-14 years the residency requirement for immigrants seeking American citizenship

reign of witches: who were the sedition acts targeted towards

republicans

VA & Kentucky Resolution: how did opponents of the Sedition Act justify their opposition?

they attacked the Sedition Act as an unconstitutional violation of the 1st Amendment, arguing that the Constitution allowed states to challenge the government when it infringed on rights

VA & Kentucky Resolution: why didn't other states endorse the resolution against the Sedition Act at first?

many feared it would break the union, but eventually, they remembered that freedom of discussion was a key part of American liberty

VA & Kentucky Resolution: what role did the Sedition and Alien Acts play in Jefferson’s election in 1800?

the revulsion over the Sedition and Alien Acts was a major factor that helped Thomas Jefferson win the presidency in 1800