Ap Hug 1-42 vocab words

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable (farmable) land

Anti-Natalist

A government policy that discourages childbearing in an attempt to lower the birth rate

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area (also called population density)

Baby Boom

A dramatic increase in birth rate, especially the surge in the U.S. after WWII (1946-1964)

Baby Bust

A period of declining birth rates following a baby boom

Carrying Capacity

The largest population that the environment/resources of a place can sustainably support

Census

A complete count of a population, including data collection on characteristics like age and sex

Child Mortality Rate (CMR)

The number of deaths of children between ages 1 and 4 per 1,000 live births in a given year

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year

Demographics

The statistical study of human populations, especially size, structure, and distribution

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model showing how birth rates and death rates change as a country develops economically, moving through stages from high growth potential to declining growth

Density

The frequency with which something (usually people) occurs within a given unit of area

Dependency Ratio

The number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years (15-64)

Distribution

The arrangement of something, usually people, across the Earth's surface

Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

Ecumene

The portion of the Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

Environmental Determinism

The belief that human behaviors and societal development are directly controlled by the physical environment

Epidemiological Transition Model

A model that focuses on the causes of death and changing patterns of disease as a country moves through the demographic transition

J-Curve/Exponential Growth

A pattern of population growth in which the growth rate continually increases, producing a curve shaped like the letter J

Fertility

The actual reproduction rate of a population, often measured by births

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year

Less Developed Country (LDC)

A country with a lower standard of living, less industrialization, and lower human development index (also called a developing country)

Life Expectancy (at Birth)

The average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality rates

Malthusian Theory (T. Malthus)

Thomas Malthus's theory that population grows geometrically (exponentially) while food supply grows arithmetically (linearly), leading to eventual famine, disease, and war

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

The number of women who die from complications of pregnancy or childbirth per 100,000 live births

More Developed Country (MDC)

A country with a higher standard of living, more industrialization, and a higher human development index (also called a developed country)

Mortality

The frequency of deaths in a population

Natality

The frequency of births in a population

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage growth rate of a population, calculated by subtracting the CDR from the CBR (excludes migration)

Neo-Malthusians

People who believe Malthus's theories are still relevant today and warn about overpopulation's strain on resources and the environment

Overpopulation

A situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support them at an acceptable standard of living

Per Capita

A measurement expressed "per person," often used to compare data like income or resource use between countries

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of arable (farmable) land

Population Pyramids

A bar graph representing the distribution of a population by age and sex, used to show a country's stage in the demographic transition

Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment sets limits on human actions, but humans can adapt to and modify the environment to overcome those limits

Pro-Natalist

A government policy that encourages childbearing in an attempt to raise the birth rate

Replacement Rate

The total fertility rate needed to keep a population size stable without migration (approximately 2.1 children per woman)

S-Curve

A population growth pattern in which growth slows and levels off as it approaches the carrying capacity, forming an S-shaped curve

Toponym

The name given to a place, often reflecting its history, culture, or physical characteristics

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (ages 15-49)

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A state in which the birth rate equals the death rate, resulting in no net population growth