hist 1020 exam 1

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73 Terms

1

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty from 1368 to 1644 known for its trade expansion and cultural achievements.

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2

Zhu Yuanzhang

Founder of the Ming dynasty, known as the Hongwu Emperor.

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3

Mandate of Heaven

Ancient Chinese belief that emperors had the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.

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4

Yongle Emperor

The fourth son of the Hongwu Emperor, known for his military campaigns and moving the capital to Beijing.

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5

Zheng He

Admiral who led seven voyages to the Indian Ocean under the Yongle Emperor.

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6

Forbidden City

Imperial palace in Beijing, built during the Ming dynasty, serving as the political center of China.

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7

Confucian Bureaucracy

A bureaucratic system in China based on Confucian principles, emphasizing merit and moral integrity.

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8

Portuguese Arrival in China

1522, marked the beginning of European trade in China.

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9

Li Zicheng

Rebel leader who captured Beijing in 1644, leading to the end of the Ming dynasty.

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10

Qing Dynasty

Dynasty established by the Manchu that ruled China from 1644 to 1912.

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11

Kangxi Emperor

One of the greatest emperors of the Qing dynasty, known for cultural and territorial expansion.

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12

Matteo Ricci

Italian Jesuit missionary who played a significant role in cultural exchange between China and Europe in the late 16th-century.

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13

Qianlong Emperor

Grandson of the Kangxi Emperor, known for his military campaigns and cultural patronage.

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14

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868.

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15

Alternate Residence System

Policy where daimyos were required to spend every other year in the capital, Edo, as a means of control.

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16

Iemitsu

Third Tokugawa shogun, known for harsh suppression of Christianity in Japan.

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17

James I of England

The first Stuart king of England, known for his conflict with Parliament.

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18

Charles I of England

King whose struggle for power with Parliament led to the English Civil War.

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19

English Civil War

Conflict from 1642 to 1651 between royalists and parliamentarians.

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20

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of the Parliamentarian forces during the English Civil War and eventually Lord Protector of England.

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21

Rump Parliament

The remnant of the Long Parliament after Pride's Purge, which executed Charles I.

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22

Restoration

The period of reestablishing the monarchy in England after Cromwell's rule.

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23

Charles II

King of England known for his restoration of the monarchy and a desire to accommodate Parliament.

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24

James II

Brother of Charles II, whose Catholic beliefs led to the Glorious Revolution.

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25

Glorious Revolution

1688 coup in England that led to the abdication of James II and the ascension of William and Mary.

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26

Scientific Revolution

A period of significant advancement in scientific thought and inquiry, challenging traditional beliefs.

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27

Geocentric Model

Earth-centered model of the universe proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy.

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28

Heliocentric Model

Sun-centered model of the universe proposed by Copernicus.

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29

Galileo Galilei

Astronomer whose support for heliocentrism led to conflict with the Catholic Church.

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30

Isaac Newton

Physicist known for formulating the laws of motion and gravity.

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31

Age of Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority.

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32

Humanism

Philosophical stance emphasizing the value and agency of human beings.

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33

John Locke

Philosopher who argued that individuals are born as blank slates, influencing liberal thought.

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34

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher who advocated for absolute monarchy and social contracts.

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35

Deism

Philosophy suggesting that God created the universe but does not interfere with it.

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36

Montesquieu

Philosopher who advocated the separation of powers in government.

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37

Voltaire

Enlightenment writer known for his criticism of the Catholic Church and advocacy for civil liberties.

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38

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Philosopher who believed in the inherent goodness of people and social contract theory.

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39

Laissez-faire

Economic principle advocating minimal governmental intervention in markets.

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40

Mercantilism

Economic theory that emphasizes trade as a source of wealth and includes regulation of the economy.

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41

Seven Years' War

Global conflict (1756-1763) that involved many powers, posing significant impact on colonial relations.

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42

Boston Tea Party

1773 protest against British taxation in which colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor.

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43

Lexington and Concord

First battles of the American Revolutionary War, fought in 1775.

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44

U.S. Constitution

The supreme law of the United States, establishing the framework of government and rights.

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45

French Revolution

Period of radical social and political change in France (1789-1799) that ended absolute monarchy.

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46

Louis XVI

King of France whose inability to address financial crises led to the French Revolution.

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47

Bastille

A fortress in Paris stormed by revolutionaries on July 14, 1789, signaling the beginning of the French Revolution.

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48

Maximilien Robespierre

Leader during the Reign of Terror, who oversaw mass executions during the French Revolution.

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49

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader who became emperor and expanded French territory through military conquests.

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50

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution who fought for freedom from French colonial rule.

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51

Treaty of Nanjing

1842 treaty that ended the First Opium War between Britain and China.

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52

Scorched Earth Policy

Military strategy of destroying one's own resources to hinder an advancing enemy.

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53

Congress of Vienna

1814-1815 conference to restore order and redraw the boundaries in Europe post-Napoleonic Wars.

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54

Cossacks

Russian pioneers and soldiers who played a significant role in the expansion and defense of Russia.

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55

Revolution in San Domingue (Haiti)

Slave revolt against French colonial rule that led to the establishment of Haiti as a free nation.

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56

Serfdom

A system in which peasants are bound to land and subject to the authority of landowners, prevalent in Russia.

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57

Filaret

Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, who supported the consolidation of power under the Romanov dynasty.

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58

Catherine the Great

Prominent Russian empress who expanded the empire and implemented reforms.

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59

Great Northern War

Conflict (1700-1721) where Russia fought Sweden to gain territory along the Baltic Sea.

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60

Peter the Great

Tsar known for his efforts to modernize and westernize Russia, including the founding of St. Petersburg.

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61

Enlightenment Influence

The impact of Enlightenment thinkers on revolution and governance, emphasizing liberty, reason, and justice.

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62

Censorship

Suppression of speech, public communication, or other information.

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63

Radicals

Individuals or groups that advocate for drastic changes in the political system.

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64

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, often associated with materialistic values and attitudes.

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65

Sans-culottes

Radical laborers and common folk during the French Revolution who opposed the aristocracy.

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66

The Great Fear

A period of panic and riot by peasants in France during the summer of 1789.

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67

Reign of Terror

A period during the French Revolution characterized by extreme violence and mass executions.

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68

Guillotine

Device used for executing people by beheading, notably during the French Revolution.

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69

Committee of Public Safety

Government during the French Revolution that dealt with threats to the revolution.

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70

Napoleonic Code

Legal code established by Napoleon that influenced the modern legal systems.

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71

Battle of Waterloo

The 1815 battle where Napoleon was defeated by the Seventh Coalition.

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72

Manifest Destiny

19th-century doctrine that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was justified.

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73

American Exceptionalism

The idea that the United States is inherently different from other nations.

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