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Ming Dynasty
Chinese dynasty from 1368 to 1644 known for its trade expansion and cultural achievements.
Zhu Yuanzhang
Founder of the Ming dynasty, known as the Hongwu Emperor.
Mandate of Heaven
Ancient Chinese belief that emperors had the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.
Yongle Emperor
The fourth son of the Hongwu Emperor, known for his military campaigns and moving the capital to Beijing.
Zheng He
Admiral who led seven voyages to the Indian Ocean under the Yongle Emperor.
Forbidden City
Imperial palace in Beijing, built during the Ming dynasty, serving as the political center of China.
Confucian Bureaucracy
A bureaucratic system in China based on Confucian principles, emphasizing merit and moral integrity.
Portuguese Arrival in China
1522, marked the beginning of European trade in China.
Li Zicheng
Rebel leader who captured Beijing in 1644, leading to the end of the Ming dynasty.
Qing Dynasty
Dynasty established by the Manchu that ruled China from 1644 to 1912.
Kangxi Emperor
One of the greatest emperors of the Qing dynasty, known for cultural and territorial expansion.
Matteo Ricci
Italian Jesuit missionary who played a significant role in cultural exchange between China and Europe in the late 16th-century.
Qianlong Emperor
Grandson of the Kangxi Emperor, known for his military campaigns and cultural patronage.
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868.
Alternate Residence System
Policy where daimyos were required to spend every other year in the capital, Edo, as a means of control.
Iemitsu
Third Tokugawa shogun, known for harsh suppression of Christianity in Japan.
James I of England
The first Stuart king of England, known for his conflict with Parliament.
Charles I of England
King whose struggle for power with Parliament led to the English Civil War.
English Civil War
Conflict from 1642 to 1651 between royalists and parliamentarians.
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of the Parliamentarian forces during the English Civil War and eventually Lord Protector of England.
Rump Parliament
The remnant of the Long Parliament after Pride's Purge, which executed Charles I.
Restoration
The period of reestablishing the monarchy in England after Cromwell's rule.
Charles II
King of England known for his restoration of the monarchy and a desire to accommodate Parliament.
James II
Brother of Charles II, whose Catholic beliefs led to the Glorious Revolution.
Glorious Revolution
1688 coup in England that led to the abdication of James II and the ascension of William and Mary.
Scientific Revolution
A period of significant advancement in scientific thought and inquiry, challenging traditional beliefs.
Geocentric Model
Earth-centered model of the universe proposed by Aristotle and Ptolemy.
Heliocentric Model
Sun-centered model of the universe proposed by Copernicus.
Galileo Galilei
Astronomer whose support for heliocentrism led to conflict with the Catholic Church.
Isaac Newton
Physicist known for formulating the laws of motion and gravity.
Age of Enlightenment
Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority.
Humanism
Philosophical stance emphasizing the value and agency of human beings.
John Locke
Philosopher who argued that individuals are born as blank slates, influencing liberal thought.
Thomas Hobbes
Philosopher who advocated for absolute monarchy and social contracts.
Deism
Philosophy suggesting that God created the universe but does not interfere with it.
Montesquieu
Philosopher who advocated the separation of powers in government.
Voltaire
Enlightenment writer known for his criticism of the Catholic Church and advocacy for civil liberties.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Philosopher who believed in the inherent goodness of people and social contract theory.
Laissez-faire
Economic principle advocating minimal governmental intervention in markets.
Mercantilism
Economic theory that emphasizes trade as a source of wealth and includes regulation of the economy.
Seven Years' War
Global conflict (1756-1763) that involved many powers, posing significant impact on colonial relations.
Boston Tea Party
1773 protest against British taxation in which colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor.
Lexington and Concord
First battles of the American Revolutionary War, fought in 1775.
U.S. Constitution
The supreme law of the United States, establishing the framework of government and rights.
French Revolution
Period of radical social and political change in France (1789-1799) that ended absolute monarchy.
Louis XVI
King of France whose inability to address financial crises led to the French Revolution.
Bastille
A fortress in Paris stormed by revolutionaries on July 14, 1789, signaling the beginning of the French Revolution.
Maximilien Robespierre
Leader during the Reign of Terror, who oversaw mass executions during the French Revolution.
Napoleon Bonaparte
French military leader who became emperor and expanded French territory through military conquests.
Toussaint Louverture
Leader of the Haitian Revolution who fought for freedom from French colonial rule.
Treaty of Nanjing
1842 treaty that ended the First Opium War between Britain and China.
Scorched Earth Policy
Military strategy of destroying one's own resources to hinder an advancing enemy.
Congress of Vienna
1814-1815 conference to restore order and redraw the boundaries in Europe post-Napoleonic Wars.
Cossacks
Russian pioneers and soldiers who played a significant role in the expansion and defense of Russia.
Revolution in San Domingue (Haiti)
Slave revolt against French colonial rule that led to the establishment of Haiti as a free nation.
Serfdom
A system in which peasants are bound to land and subject to the authority of landowners, prevalent in Russia.
Filaret
Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, who supported the consolidation of power under the Romanov dynasty.
Catherine the Great
Prominent Russian empress who expanded the empire and implemented reforms.
Great Northern War
Conflict (1700-1721) where Russia fought Sweden to gain territory along the Baltic Sea.
Peter the Great
Tsar known for his efforts to modernize and westernize Russia, including the founding of St. Petersburg.
Enlightenment Influence
The impact of Enlightenment thinkers on revolution and governance, emphasizing liberty, reason, and justice.
Censorship
Suppression of speech, public communication, or other information.
Radicals
Individuals or groups that advocate for drastic changes in the political system.
Bourgeoisie
The middle class, often associated with materialistic values and attitudes.
Sans-culottes
Radical laborers and common folk during the French Revolution who opposed the aristocracy.
The Great Fear
A period of panic and riot by peasants in France during the summer of 1789.
Reign of Terror
A period during the French Revolution characterized by extreme violence and mass executions.
Guillotine
Device used for executing people by beheading, notably during the French Revolution.
Committee of Public Safety
Government during the French Revolution that dealt with threats to the revolution.
Napoleonic Code
Legal code established by Napoleon that influenced the modern legal systems.
Battle of Waterloo
The 1815 battle where Napoleon was defeated by the Seventh Coalition.
Manifest Destiny
19th-century doctrine that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was justified.
American Exceptionalism
The idea that the United States is inherently different from other nations.
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