Ch. 41 RHS From the book

angulation

alignment of central ray of x-ray beam in horizontal and vertical planes

bisecting (bisection of the angle)

technique intraoral technique of exposing dental images

bitewing

type of image used for interproximal examination

central ray

x-ray at center of beam

contact area

area of the mesial or distal surfaces of a tooth that touches an adjacent tooth in the same arch

crestal bone

coronal portion of alveolar bone found between the teeth

developmental disability

impairment of mental or physical functioning that usually occurs before adulthood and lasts indefinitely

diagnostic quality

referring to images with the proper structures and necessary density, contrast, definition, and detail for diagnostic purposes

interproximal

between two adjacent surfacesinterproximal between two adjacent surfaces

intersecting

cutting across or through

long axis of the tooth

imaginary line dividing the tooth longitudinally (vertically) into two equal halves

occlusal technique

used to examine large areas of the upper or lower jaw

parallel

moving or lying in the same plane, always separated by the same distance

paralleling technique

intraoral technique of exposing periapical and bitewing images

perpendicular

intersecting at or forming a right angle

physical disability

impairment in certain function(s) of the body, such as vision, hearing, or mobility

positioning instrument

intraoral device used to position and hold the film, sensor, or phosphor storage plate

right angle

angle of 90 degrees formed by two lines perpendicular to each other

full mouth service FMX

18 x-rays, contains both periapical and bitewing images

is FMX, panoramic,cetophilomatric preferred which?

FMX

bitewing image shows and is used for 

crowns and a small portion of the root; detecting interproximal decay, early periodontal disease, recurrent decay under restorations, and the fit of metallic fillings or crowns

periapical image shows and is used for

shows the entire tooth from occlusal surface or incisal edge to about 2 to 3 mm beyond the apex to show the periapical bone. This view is used to diagnose pathologic conditions of the tooth, root, and bone, as well as tooth formation and eruption

When you need to diagnose pathologic conditions of the tooth which x-ray do u use

periapical imageperiapical image

When you need to see tooth formation and eruption which x-ray

periapical image

When you need to detect interproximal decay which x-ray

bitewing image

when you need to detect early periodontal disease which x-ray

bitewing

Periapical views are essential in _________

endodontics and in oral surgical procedures.

for a full adult FMX how many periapical

14

for a full adult FMX how many bitewing 

4 to 6

________ is the region in which the number of images varies

anterior

When using dental film and the bisecting technique, three anterior views are taken on each arch (maxillary and mandibular) with size __ film.

#2

For the paralleling technique, three or four size #_ films would be used on each arch

1

Which association recommend use of the paralleling technique

The American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology and the American Dental Education Association (ADEA)

The paralleling technique is also known as ____________

the extension-cone paralleling (XCP), right-angle, or long-cone technique.

The central ray of the x-ray beam must be directed __________ to the image receptor and the long axis of the tooth.

perpendicular (at a right angle)

The x-ray beam must be centered on the image receptor to ensure that all areas are exposed. Failure to center the x-ray beam results in a ___________

partial image, or cone cut

When exposing periapical views with the paralleling technique, always start with the ________ 

anterior teeth (canines and incisors)

Why do you start with the anterior when doing periapical with paralleling

• The size of the anterior image receptor (#1) is small and is easier for patients to tolerate.

• Patients more easily adapt to the anterior image receptor holder.

• Patients are less likely to gag with anterior image receptor placement. Once the gag reflex is stimulated, the patient may gag on subsequent views that would normally be tolerated (see later discussion).

When using a size #1 film/sensor, a total of seven or eight

When using a size #1 film/sensor, a total of ______ anterior placements are used in the paralleling technique: _____ maxillary exposures and three mandibular exposures

seven or eight; four

Some operators will choose to expose four maxillary and four mandibular anterior views. If size #__ film/sensor is used instead, ___ anterior placements are needed: ___ maxillary and ____ mandibular exposures. The authors recommend the use of #_ film/sensor for the anterior views.

2; six; three; three; 1

The bisecting technique places the film _______ the teeth to be exposed.

directly against

The bisecting-angle instrument (BAI; Dentsply Rinn) includes _________________.

plastic bite-blocks, plastic aiming rings, and metal indicator arms.

Is (BAI; Dentsply Rinn) parallel or bisecting

Canines Maxillary, Degrees Mandibular, Degrees

maxillary- +45 to +55 mandibular- −20 to −30

Incisors  Maxillary, Degrees Mandibular, Degrees

maxillary= +40 to +50   mandibular= −15 to −25

Premolars Maxillary, Degrees Mandibular, Degrees

maxillary= +30 to +40 mandibular= −10 to −15

Molars Maxillary, Degrees Mandibular, Degrees

maxillary= +20 to +30 mandibular= −5 to 0

Elongation of images is caused by 

insufficient (not enough) vertical angulation or too flat

The image receptor should extend beyond the incisal or occlusal aspect of the teeth by about _____.

1/8 inch.

This means that the patient's head is _______ for maxillary films and is _______ for the mandibular arch.

upright ; tipped back slightly

A diagnostic-quality endodontic image must have the following qualities:

• The tooth is centered on the image.

• At least 5 mm of bone is visible beyond the apex of the tooth.

• The image is as anatomically accurate as possible.

If the patient senses nervousness, a ___________ may result and cause the gag reflex.

psychogenic stimulus

if a patient has a gag reflex try to _____________.

Reduce tactile stimuli.