ap psych unit 0.1 : psychological perspectives

self actualization

reaching full potential

unconditional positive regard

acceptance without judgement

unconscious mind

thoughts and desires outside awareness that influence behavior

psychic determinism

behavior is influenced by unconscious forces

self actualization

reaching full potential

unconditional positive regard

acceptance without judgement

unconscious mind

thoughts and desires outside awareness that influence behavior

psychic determinism

behavior is influenced by unconscious forces

repression

pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious

denial

refusing to accept reality

projection

attributing one's own feelings to others

rationalization

justifying behavior with excuses

displacement

directing feelings to a weaker target

adaptation

inherited trait that increases survival

fitness

ability to survive and reproduce

sexual selection

traits that increase mating success

classical conditioning

learning by association

operant conditioning

learning through consequences

observational learning

learning through watching others

humanist perspective

belief that we choose our behaviour, focuses on self-actualization, free will, and individual choice

psychodynamic perspective

belief that the unconscious mind controls much of our thoughts, focuses on impulses, memories, and past experiences

biopsychology (neuroscience) perspective

belief that changes in the brain leads to changes in behaviour and that human thought and behaviour is from biological processes, focuses on genetics, hormones, and neurotransmitters

evolutionary (darwinian) perspective

belief that human thought and action is caused by natural selection, psychological traits advantageous for survival may be passed down

behavioral perspective

belief that human thought and behaviour is learned through conditioning, reward, punishment, and observation, focuses on human/animal responses to types of stimuli

cognitive perspective

belief that behaviour is influenced by how we interpret situations, focuses on thinking, memory, perception, problem solving, and decision making

social-cultural (sociocultural) perspective

belief that cultural norms, social situations, and group environment influence behaviour and thoughts

biopsychosocial perspective

acknowledges human thought and behaviour as a combination of social, biological, and psychological factors

abraham maslow (1908-1970)

humanistic psychologist known for his "hierarchy of needs" and the concept of "self-actualization."

carl rogers (1902-1987)

humanistic psychologist who developed client-centered therapy and stressed the importance of acceptance, genuineness, and empathy in fostering human growth

sigmund freud (1856-1939)

psychodynamic psychologist and founder of psychoanalysis, a controversial theory about the workings of the unconscious mind

charles darwin (1809-1882)

british naturalist, renowned for his theories of evolution and natural selection. helped develop evolutionary (darwinian) perspective

natural selection

the process through which populations better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more offspring

ivan pavlov (1849-1936)

behavioural psychologist who discovered classical conditioning through his experiment with dogs

john b. watson (1878-1958)

founded and popularized behaviorism using little albert experiment (1920)

b. f. skinner (1904-1990)

behavioural psychologist who developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning using rat shocking experiment

albert bandura (1925-2021)

behavioural psychologist who supported the idea that humans learn by observation and imitation using bobo doll experiment

jean piaget (1896-1980)

cognitive psychologist who created a theory on child development that involves 4 stages