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Neural Transmission
The process of sending messages through neurons, culminating at the axon terminal.
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another.
Excitatory Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters that stimulate the postsynaptic neuron, such as dopamine.
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters that dampen the response of the postsynaptic neuron.
Critical Threshold
The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger an action potential, typically -55 millivolts.
EPSPs (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials)
Small depolarizations that bring a neuron closer to firing.
IPSPs (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials)
Hyperpolarizations that make a neuron less likely to fire.
Spatial Summation
The process where multiple stimuli from different locations combine to reach the threshold.
Temporal Summation
The process where multiple stimuli at the same location over time can lead to an action potential.
Agonists
Substances that enhance neurotransmitter effects by binding to receptor sites.
Antagonists
Substances that block receptor sites, preventing neurotransmitter action.
Dopamine
A neurotransmitter involved in pleasure and reward.
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter that regulates mood and emotional stability.
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)
A neurotransmitter that promotes calmness and reduces anxiety.
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter important for learning and memory.
Endorphins
Natural painkillers involved in stress responses.
Nucleus Accumbens
A brain region crucial in addiction, influenced by dopamine.
Dopamine Hypothesis
The theory that excessive stimulation of dopamine leads to neuroadaptation and higher demand.
Psychopharmacology
The study of the effects of drugs on cognition and behavior.
Stimulants
Drugs that increase release and inhibit reuptake of neurotransmitters, enhancing mood.
Depressants
Drugs that stimulate GABA receptors, promoting relaxation.
