HAID: Renaissance (All Periods)

Mannerism

is a term applied to exaggerated styles, striking visual effects characterized by elongated or over muscular figures set in extravagantly contorted panes.

Mannerism

it was a revolt against the fundamental design principles of classicism of clarity, visibility and stability

Florentine Pieta

also known as the Deposition by Michelangelo, likely intended as his own tomb monument, depicting the moment Jesus is taken down from the cross.

Entobment, Jacopo Pontormo

Madonna with the long neck, Parmigianino

Tintoretto

Il Furioso, was called as such for his phenomenal energy in painting and dramatic use of perspectival space and special lighting effects making him a precursor of baroque art

The Last Supper, Tintoretto

Veronese

known as a supreme colorist and for his illusionistic decorations. famous for his paintings of biblical feasts crowded with figures.

Tintoretto, Veronese and Titian

Triumvirate of pre-eminent Venetian painters of the late Renaissance

Baroque

became the official architectural style in France in the 17-18th century with its capital at Versailles

Louis XIV

the sun King of France, known for his absolute monarchy and the expansion of French influence in Europe.

The Royal Academy of France

founded by royal minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert to manipulate imagery for political advantage

religious

during the renaissance period man was freed from the _ restraints of the medieval times

humanism

idealogy that believes that humans purportedly created in the Judeo-Christian God, had been given the ability to some meaningful end

five factors that motivated the renaissance period

• The church

• Florence

• Humanism

• The Medici

Church

the greatest patron of the arts

Humanism

gave new subjects to artists in the form of nudes, portraits of actual people and landscapes

Early Renaissance

a style of Italian art and architecture developed during the 15th century characterized by the development of linear pers, chiaroscuro and free use of classical details in buildings

Chiaroscuro

use of light and dark to achieve a heightened illusion of depth

Foreshadowing

a method of rendering a specific object or figure in a picture in depth

Masaccio

first great painter of Italian Renaissance his frescoes were the earliest monuments of Humanism (Holy Trinity)

Fra Angelico

a Dominican monk all of his art were religious. Use of luminous, gem-like colors, diffused light slender forms (The Annunciation)

Fra Lippo Lippi

a complete antithesis of Fra Angelico more concerned with physical beauty than the insight or spiritual depth

Alessandro Botticelli

interest in Pagan subject matter (Primavera, Birth of Venus)

Jan van Eyck

most prominent Flemish painter of Early Renaissance, with his brother Hubert, he perfected the process of painting with oil and varnish. Divided his paintings into panels (triptychs). (Ghent altarpiece)

Donatello

sculptor known for sacred theme; was a master of sculpture in both marble and bronze, one of the greatest of all Italian Renaissance artists (David)

Early Renaissance

• Period of learning

• Designers were intent on the accurate transcription of

• Roman elements

Lorenzo Ghiberti

north doors of the Baptistery of San Giovanni, France

Palazzo

is an Italian type of building, are described as palaces or as any urban building built as a grand residence.

Planar classicism

refers to a style that emphasizes flat, two-dimensional surfaces and geometric forms, drawing inspiration from classical architecture, but with a focus on simplicity and clarity rather than elaborate ornamentation.

Early Renaissance Architecture

characterized by emphasis in symmetry, exact mathematical relationships between parts and an overall effect of simplicity and prose.

Characteristics of Italian Renaissance

• Ashlar masonry in rusticated finish in horizontal courses

• Horizontal cornices and balustrades

• Doors and windows finished with molded architrave of the classic type or pediment in triangular or segmental type

• Vaulted ceilings without ribs; dome raised om a drum in fresco

• Classic orders appear decoratively

• Divided three horizontal bands of classic molding under the windows

The Duomo of the Cathedral of Florence

by Filippo Brunelleschi, a distinctive octagonal design of the double-walled dome, resting on a drum and not on the roof itself

Ospedale Degli Innocenti

series of round arches supported by slender columns and framed by pilasters that carried flat horizontal entablure

Palazzo Medici-Ricardi

the building is divided into storeys of decreasing heights by long unbroken bands call string cornices

Palazzo Pitti

built by Lucca Pitti it is the largest palace in Italy aside from the Vatican

Palazzo Rucellai

Leon Batista Alberti applied the classical orders of columns to the facade on the three levels

High Renaissance

represented a culmination and convergence of talent

The Big 3 of High Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael

Sfumato

a modeling technique which consisted of blurring sharp outline with subtle, tonal gradations, imparting a mysterious enigmatic quality, hinting at the subjects spiritual dimension

Leonardo da Vinci

best known artist, attempted to unite science with art

Michelangelo Buonarotti

trained in Florence and is best known as a painter and sculptor. Created a style which laid the foundation for Baroque-Mannerism

The Last Judgement by Michelangelo

The Creation of Adam

Raphael

Rafaello Sanzo. Trained in Umbria but studied in Florence. Painted gentle calm women in a courteous manner

Giorgone

most famous of the Venetian renaissance painters (Sleeping Venus)

Titian

the leader of the 16th century Venetian school of Italian Renaissance (Assumption of the Virgin)

Albrecht Durer

known as Leonardo of the North, produced more than a thousand woodcuts and engravings

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

greatest flemish painter of the 16th century known for his peasant scenes

Genre painting

refers to a style that depicts scenes from everyday life, featuring ordinary people engaged in various activities, whether at work or leisure

Tempietto by Donato Bramante

small circular chapel erected in the courtyard of San Pietro in Montorio in Rome on the supposed site of the martyrdom of St. Peter

Capitoline Hill

by Michelangelo; composed of the palace of the senate, the conservatory and the Capitoline Museum where the statue of Marcus Aurelius stood

Characteristics of High Renaissance Architecture

• impressive staircase in front of the high rusticated base

• stringcourse separating the base from the first story

• tall pilasters with Corinthian capitals

• Alternating arched and triangular pediments over windows

• ornamental cartouches over doorways and statuary

• circle was a dominant motif

Rustication

type of decorative masonry achieved by cutting back the edges of stones to a plane surface while leaving the central portion of the face either rough or projecting markedly

Renaissance in France

• Gothic and Renaissance

• Renaissance details were grafted into gothic features

• Classical horizontality in French manner and gothic verticality

• High mansard roof with dormer windows and lofty chimney

• Combination of classic and medieval moldings were used

Chateau de Chambord

known for its horseshoe shapes and entrance staircase

Palais de Fontainbleau

the favorite residence of Francis I, is is the largest palace of the 16th Century

Elizabethan Period

• the term given to Early Renaissance architecture in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.

• transitional style between Gothic and Renaissance in England mainly country houses characterized by large mullioned windows and strapwork ornamentation

Hardwick Hall

the numerous and large mullioned windows are typically English renaissance while the loggia is Italian

Loggia

(from the Italian word for ‘lodge’) is an outdoor corridor or gallery with a fully covered roof  and an outer wall that is open to the elements. Traditionally, they either ran along the facade of a building or could exist as a stand-alone feature. The open outer side of the loggia is usually supported by several columns or decorative arches.

Baroque

saw architecture, painting, sculpture and the minor arts being used in harmony to produce the unified whole

Rococo

Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped shells

Nicolas Foquet

Minister of France and organized a system for developing the royal court at Vaux-le-Vicomte, showcasing the Baroque style and influencing future palace designs.

Reformation

dealt a decisive blow to the authority of the Roman Catholic Church (particularly corruption and indulgences)

Counter-reformation

a response to reformation inside the Church to eliminate internal corruption

Council of Trent

a consequence of Counter-reformation denounced Lutheranism and reaffirmed Catholic doctrine

Palladian Architecture

was logical, staid and serene

Proto-Baroque Architecture

was vivid, virile and intense

Baroque Architecture

was dramatic, rich, grand and alive

Rococo Architecture

was a profusion and confusion of detail, presenting a lavish display of decoration

Carlo Maderna

Lengthened nave to form Latin cross and built the gigantic facade

Villa Capra, Andrea Palladio

characterized by the exaggeration of classic features in a square building with pillared portico on each face leading to a central circular hall with dome

Barroco

Portuguese term for imperfect pearl

movement

Baroque is characterized by asymmetrical compositions, powerful effects of _ and strong lighting in a combination of dramatic interpretations of the object matter

France

the largest nation in Europe- strongest and wealthiest during the Baroque period

Michelangelo Caravaggio

dramatic, realistic and chiaroscuro technique. chose ordinary people as the figures in his religious works.

tenebrism

use sharply constrasting light and dakr

The Entombment of Chist, Caravaggio

Peter Paul Rubens

greatest Flemish painter of the Baroque, he assimilated Italian ideas with Flemish tradition, most prolific painter and produced about 2,000 paintings

The Descent from the Cross, Peter Paul Rubens

Anthony Van Dyck

aristocratic portraiture that featured with exquisite technique, details of silken fabrics, fine laces and trimmings

Rembrandt Van Rijn

greatest contribution was the development if an artificial technique of handling light and shadow. Graded transitions from light to dark with shadows in warm colors

Jan Vermeer

little Dutch master next to Rembrandt; subject focuses on women at some household chores

Ultramarine blue and Lead-tin Yellow

Vermeer is well known for his use of these colors

Gianlorenzo Bernini

influenced by Michelangelo and by the intensity in animation of Mannerist art.

Baroque Architecture

• Preference to curves, double curves and diagonal lines

• Pediments in scrolled forms

• Flying figures in dangerous looking position

• Unity- figures and forms are solidified into masses and cant be separated

Solomonic columns

columns with twisted shaft

St. Peter’s Basilica

• exterior is composed of Corinthian pilasters carried around the entire building giving unity to the entire design

• Michelangelo broke the canons of classical proportion by raising the dome over the square room much above its correct

continous whole

in Baroque Architecture surface is treated as a _

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane

by Francisco Borromini established his reputation for daring architectural innovations. Featured an alternation of concave and convex elements in the facade and a drum that supported an oval dome.

St. Maria della Salute

284

St. Peter's Square in Vatican City features a colonnade with _ Doric columns arranged in four rows, designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini to symbolize the church's embrace of the faithful.

Piazza

a public square or marketplace, especially in an Italian town.

St. Marie della Salute

Roman Catholic church with a vast octagonal building with two domes and a pair of bell towers at the back; one of the largest churches in Venice & features

Church of iI Gesu

by Giacomo Vignola, the mother church of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits Order), first truly Baroque facade

Giovanni Batista Gauli

artist who did the ceiling al fresco of Church of iI Gesu

Palace of Versailles

started by Le Vau continued by Le Brun, Jules Mansart gardens by Andre de Notre

357

Galerie des Glaces at the Palace of Versailles is a grand Baroque gallery famous for its _ mirrors, 17 windows, and ornately painted ceiling, designed to showcase the power and opulence of the French monarchy.

Galerie des Glaces

The Hall of Mirrors