Cognitive Psychology Exam 3

 Which of the following is the most likely to be impaired in people (such as L.H.) who have a disrupted ability to make judgments about color? Tasks that require mental rotation, 

Which of the following does NOT accurately represent the results of studies of visual imagery? 

Which of the following is NOT evidence that some forms of imagery are spatial and not visual?

Unlike pictures, mental images are

Most behavioral and neuroimaging data suggest that

Which of the following does NOT support the claim that mental images are stored in long-term memory by a propositional “recipe” for how to construct the image? 

Participants are asked to view ambiguous pictures and then form mental images of those pictures. When asked to reinterpret their image, they __________. When asked to draw the image on paper and then reinterpret it, they __________. 

When participants are able to figure out what researchers are looking for and they act in such a way as to help the researchers find it, the participants are said to be sensitive to the __________ of the study.

What is the best description of individual differences in imagery ability? 

Images that are more detailed take longer to recall than those that are less detailed. This is evidence AGAINST the claim that

Participants answering questions about geography tend to erroneously claim that San Diego, California, is farther west than Reno, Nevada, when in fact Reno is farther west. This example suggests that spatial information is sometimes stored in

Mufaro is briefly shown a picture and then asked to form a mental image of the picture. If he is next asked to reinterpret that image, to make a new discovery, which of the following discoveries would be the easiest?

 Suppose a blind person and a sighted person participate in a mental-rotation experiment. Each participant is presented with an object at a fixed orientation and asked whether it can be rotated to match a second, target object. (The blind person is given the objects to feel, whereas the sighted person sees a picture of the objects.) Which prediction would you make about the performance of the two participants?

Jayne can view a picture for 30 seconds and then accurately answer detailed questions about the picture (e.g., the number of stripes on a cat's tail). Jayne likely has

Which of the following were NOT chronometric studies? 

In which mental-imaging experiment would “vivid imagers” outperform “non-imagers”? 

The brain areas involved in perception and mental imagery are similar. Which of the following does NOT provide evidence for this claim? 

Paivio's dual-code hypothesis proposed that

The primacy and recency effects in serial picture recall suggest that

Which would be the best aid for memory of a pair of items?

Assuming all the following words have equal frequency in English, which word would show the lowest rate of retention?

When remembering pictures, people tend to

In an early study by Segal and Fusella (1970, 1971), participants tried to detect faint symbols (either visual or auditory) while forming a mental image (either visual or auditory). What were the results? 

Based on image-zooming experiments, which of the following would participants be slowest to identify in a mental image?

Which of the following scenarios would produce the MOST severe interference effects?

Which of the following is true of the “man who” arguments described by Nisbett and Ross (1980)?

Suppose study participants are presented with a hypothetical description of two parents in a child-custody case. One parent has moderate or average traits (e.g., average income), while the other has more extreme positive and extreme negative traits (e.g., above-average income; lots of work-related travel). When asked to whom they would award child custody, the majority of people choose

Which of the following is true of the “man who” arguments described by Nisbett and Ross (1980)?

Suppose study participants are presented with a hypothetical description of two parents in a child-custody case. One parent has moderate or average traits (e.g., average income), while the other has more extreme positive and extreme negative traits (e.g., above-average income; lots of work-related travel). When asked to whom they would award child custody, the majority of people choose

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the role of emotions in decision making?

Many of us overestimate our own popularity. This could be because we surround ourselves with people who like us, rather than with people who do not. Therefore, it is easier for us to think of the names of people who like us than it is to think of the names of our enemies. This overestimation of popularity seems to derive from using

Which of the following is FALSE regarding categorical syllogisms?

In most U.S. states, before people can vote they have to opt in by actively registering to vote. In some states, though, citizens are automatically registered to vote when they get a driver's license and can opt out if they so choose. Based on the findings described in the text, we should expect all of the following to be true EXCEPT that

When reasoning, it is important to consider the overall likelihood that an individual will be in one category or another, independent of diagnostic information. This overall likelihood is called

Decisions based on utility calculations should

People are most likely to use heuristics

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the confirmation bias?

Kahneman and Tversky (1973) asked participants to make judgments about the likelihood that people with certain characteristics were lawyers or engineers. These participants were also told the proportion of people in the overall population who were lawyers or engineers. In this situation, participants

Participants were most likely to correctly guess the rule behind a series of numbers if they

Errors in reasoning about conditional statements are less common when

Which of the following is FALSE about statistical training?

Which of the following is FALSE with respect to the representativeness heuristic?

In a 2014 episode of his show Last Week Tonight, John Oliver invited a climate change skeptic to discuss his views, but then brought in 97 climate change proponents to drown out his voice (thus representing the 97% of scientists who say that climate change is real). Which of the following is true, according to psychological research?

In a game where one chooses cards from either a high-risk or low-risk stack, participants with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex

According to utility theory, people should NOT

Which of the following is the best definition of “deduction”?

Which of the following is true about decision making?

Which of the following is FALSE regarding illusory covariation?

Which of the following groups are likely to perform best on the Cognitive Reflection Test?

People are often selective in how they search memory for evidence. As a result, they usually search memory

Which of the following is true of covariation?

The text describes one study where students were asked to come up with 2 ways in which their course could be improved, while others were asked to come up with 10 ways. Which of the following best describes the results of this study?

A problem-solving set can make it hard to “think outside the box.” helps one to “think outside the box.” broadens one's thinking to include a wide range of options for solving a problem. is problematic because it narrows one's options for solving a problem.

The strategy whereby one compares the current state to the goal state—often breaking the problem into smaller subproblems in order to move from the current state to the goal state—is called

__________ is an ability to think about concepts/ideas in a new way. __________ is an ability to see ways in which seemingly different concepts/ideas might be related.

In the Gick and Holyoak paradigm (1980), participants were required to solve the tumor problem. Those who demonstrated the fastest solution times were the participants who

Those who demonstrated the fastest solution times were the participants who choices applied the strategy from solving the Hobbits and Orcs problem to the tumor problem.

What is a benefit of problem-solving sets?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that distinguishes experts from novices in a particular domain?

Which of the following is NOT an advantage gained by visualizing a problem via a mental image?

Chess experts are better at remembering chess positions than novices because they

Which of the following statements is true?

Which of the following statements about creative thought is most likely to be true?

Which of the following does research suggest highly creative people typically have in common?

Although participants tend to solve the water jar problem, they typically solve it less efficiently than they otherwise could have owing to prior experiences with similar problems. What does this demonstrate?

Problem-solving heuristics do NOT

How does memory search in highly creative people differ from memory search in everyone else?

Regarding the use of analogies in problem solving,

Wallas argued that creative thought proceeds through four stages in which order?

When faced with an ill-defined problem, which of the following is the best first step?

Which of the following is NOT a way in which thinking appears to differ between creative people and less creative people?

When attempting to solve a problem, “mind wandering”

What is the most likely reason why people would have a hard time solving the problem of how to support a candle on a wall?

This strategy provides all of the following advantages EXCEPT for

This solution would NOT have been possible if you had exclusively employed a

As Vanessa worked on the problem, she narrated her progress out loud, saying things like, “No, that option doesn’t seem to work. No, that doesn’t work either.” Then Vanessa abruptly shouted, “I think I’ve got it!” These reports seem to capture the phenomenon called

The pattern of causal relationships within a problem is an important part of the problem's

Participants are given a pair of pliers to help solve the two-string problem. Which situation would help overcome the effects of functional fixedness?

Which of the following is true of the Flynn effect?

Based on the discussion in the textbook, one point of concern about Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences is that

IQs are the most similar between

A person's ability on a specific verbal task is likely to be __________ correlated with their ability on a different verbal task, but __________ correlated with their ability on a numerical task.

Which of the following questions would likely NOT appear on a conventional IQ test?

Which of the following of Gardner’s proposed intelligences is incorrectly defined?

Which of the following is evidence of an overarching g, or general intelligence?

The Flynn effect is likely a product of all the following EXCEPT

In considering the role of genetics in intelligence, genes are best understood as determining

Harriet is trying to keep her mind active during retirement, so she decides to learn how to knit and crochet. In acquiring a new skillset, she will likely increase he

An intelligence test is __________ if it gives consistent answers on different occasions. It is __________ if it actually measures intelligence.

Which of the following is true about the relationship between inspection time and intelligence scores?

Which of the following is NOT evidence that intelligence tests have strong validity?

Which of the following is true about the extent to which IQ predicts life outcomes?

__________ intelligence, or acquired knowledge, increases with age, while __________ intelligence, which is flexibility of thought, peaks in early adulthood and then declines.

Someone with dyslexia will have

Research on stereotype threat highlights __________ as a significant factor in the difference between the average intelligence test scores of Black and White Americans.

Practical intelligence and emotional intelligence are not assessed in conventional intelligence tests, which suggests that

People have considered various hypotheses for why there is a difference between the average IQ scores for American Whites and American Blacks. Evidence supports all of the following explanations for this difference EXCEPT

Which of the following is true of documented differences in intelligence between women and men?

Which of the following measures of intelligence generally reveals an increase across the lifespan after early adulthood?