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Instincts
innate fixed patterns of behavior in animals that are triggered by specific stimuli, driving them to act in predictable ways
Drive Reduction Theory
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Ghrelin
hormone produced in the stomach that stimulates appetit
Leptin
hormone produced by fat cells that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger
Belongingness
the innate human desire to form and sustain close, meaningful relationships, which significantly drives behavior and affects emotional health
Arousal Theory
Human motivation aims to increase/decrease arousal to enhance performance and well being
Yerkes-Dodson Law
performance increases with physiological or mental arousal (alertness), but only up to a point; when levels of arousal become too high, performance decreases
Sensation-Seeking Theory
proposes that one's motivation is driven by the need for varied, novel, and intense experiences
Adventure Seeking
a component of sensation-seeking theory, where individuals are motivated by the desire for new and challenging experiences, often involving physical activities and exploration
Disinhibition
refers to the tendency to seek out social and experiential thrills by engaging in behaviors that are typically restrained by social norms and inhibitions
Boredom Susceptibility
refers to an individual's intolerance for repetitive or monotonous experiences, leading them to seek out new and stimulating activities to avoid boredom
Incentive Theory
behavior is motivated by the desire for external rewards or incentives, which can include money, praise, or other tangible benefits
Self-Determination Theory
proposes that people are motivated by intrinsic (internal) motivations, such as personal growth and fulfillment, or extrinsic (external) motivations, such as rewards and recognition
Intrinsic Motivation
Motivation that stems from internal factors, benefits associated with the process of pursuing a goal (autonomy, mastery, purpose)
Extrinsic Motivation
Motivation that stems from external factors, benefits associated with achieving a goal or avoiding punishment (compensation, punishment, reward)
Lewin's Motivational Conflicts
Theory describes the psychological struggles individuals face when making decisions
Approach-Approach Conflicts
occur when an individual must choose between two desirable options, leading to a conflict of which positive outcome to pursue
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts
occur when an individual must choose between two undesirable options, leading to a conflict of which negative outcome to avoid
Approach-Avoidance Conflicts
occur when an individual is drawn to and repelled by the same option, leading to a conflict between the desire for a positive outcome and the fear of a negative consequence
Emotion
a feeling that involves our thoughts, body reactions, and actions, and is influenced by what happens inside us and around us
Elicitors
stimuli or events that trigger an emotional response in an individual
Arousal Comes Before Emotion
suggests that emotions follow bodily arousal; we feel sad because we cry, and afraid because we tremble
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
suggests that facial expressions can influence emotions, meaning that smiling can make you feel happier and frowning can make you feel sadder
Arousal and Emotion Occur Simultaneously
arousal and emotion occur simultaneously and independently; an emotion-triggering stimulus causes both bodily arousal and emotional experience at the same time
Arousal + Cognitive Label = Emotion
physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion
Broaden-and-Build Theory of Emotion
positive emotions help us think more openly and try new things, making us stronger. Negative emotions do the opposite, making us think narrowly and act less
Universal Emotions
idea that certain emotional expressions are recognized and experienced similarly across different cultures
Display Rules
cultural norms that dictate how, when, and where individuals should express emotions
Health Psychology
the study of how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illness
Stress
the response of the body and mind to challenges or demands (real or perceived), characterized by physical, emotional, and mental reactions
Stressors
events or conditions that trigger stress by challenging an individual's ability to cope or adjust
Eustress
positive stress that enhances motivation, performance, and emotional well-being
Distress
negative stress that decreases motivation, impairs performance, and leads to emotional and physical problems
Daily Hassles
Minor irritations that occur regularly
Significant Life Changes
Major events that require adaptation
Catastrophes
Unpredictable, large-scale events that cause widespread stress
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
stressful or traumatic events in childhood that can have long-lasting effects on health and well-being throughout a person's life
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
three-stage response to stress that includes alarm, resistance, and exhaustion, describing how the body reacts and adapts to stress over time
Alarm Reaction Phase
the initial stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, where the body first reacts to a stressor with a "fight-or-flight" response, activating stress hormones and physiological changes
Fight-Flight-Freeze Response
a physiological reaction to perceived threats that prepares the body to fight, flee, or freeze to enhance survival
Resistance Phase
the second stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, where the body tries to adapt and cope with a stressor, maintaining heightened alertness and stress hormone levels
Exhaustion Phase
the final stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, where the body's resources are depleted after prolonged stress, leading to decreased stress tolerance and potential health issues
Tend-and-Befriend Theory
behavioral reaction to stress that involves nurturing activities to protect oneself and one's offspring, and seeking social support to reduce stress
Problem-Focused Coping
involves directly managing or solving the source of stress to reduce its impact
Emotion-Focused Coping
managing the emotional response to stress rather than changing the stressful situation itself
positive psychology
the scientific study of human flourishing to help individuals and communities to thrive
subjective well-being
self perceived happiness of satisfaction in life
resilience
the ability to adapt or recover quickly from difficulties or changes, maintaining psychological well-being in the face of adversity
post-traumatic growth
positive psychological changes experienced as a result of struggling with highly challenging life circumstances leading to a higher level of personal or interpersonal functioning
positive emotions
feelings that foster enjoyment, interest, and contentment, and contribute to over-all wellbeing and happiness
gratitude
the appreciation of what is valuable and meaningful to oneself, enhancing overall wellbeing by fostering positive feelings and relationships
signature strengths and virtues
core characteristics that a person naturally possesses and expresses which contribute to fulfilling, authentic, and engaged living
wisdom
the ability to make sound decisions based on deep understanding and experience, contributing to effective problem-solving and interpersonal relationships
courage
the mental or moral strength to persevere and withstand fear or difficulty, enabling individuals to face challenges and act in accordance with their values despite potential risks
humanity
the quality of being compassionate, empathetic, and supportive towards others, fostering positive interpersonal relationships and social well-being
justice
a commitment to fairness, equity, and advocating for the rights of others, which helps maintain healthy community and societal relationships
temperance
self-regulation and control over excesses and impulses, promoting balance and moderation in personal behavior and relationships
trancendance
the ability to connect to the larger universe and find meaning beyond oneself, often through appreciation of beauty, gratitude, hope, humor, and spirituality
