vmt exam 5

ehrlichiosis general info

tick-borne disease of dog, rickettsia bacteria, gram negative

ehrlichiosis causative agent

ehrlichia canis

ehrlichiosis final host

dogs

ehrlichiosis transmission

bite from brown dog tick

ehrlichiosis clinical signs acute stage

fever, swollen lymph nodes, respiratory distress, weight loss, bleeding disorder, neurological issues (ataxia and meningitis)

ataxia

lack of balance

meningitis

inflammation of membranes around brain

how long does ehrlichiosis acute stage last?

2-4 weeks

ehrlichiosis subclinical stage

organism is present, but shows no outward signs of disease

ehrlichiosis chronic stage

anemia, bleeding episodes, lameness, eye issues, neurological problems, swollen limbs, blood cell disorders

ehrlichiosis diagnosis

antibody test- 2-3 weeks after infection, PCR, clinical signs

ehrlichiosis treatment

blood transfusion, antibiotic (4 weeks), supportive meds

ehrlichiosis prevention

tick avoidance and prevention

anaplasmosis general info

tick-borne disease caused by bacteri, rickettsia bacteria, gram negative

anaplasmosis causative agent

anaplasma phagocytophilium

anaplasmosis susceptibility

found in mammals including people, dogs, and less commonly cats

anaplasmosis transmission

tick bite; western black-legged tick and deer tick

anaplasmosis clinical signs

lameness, joint pain, fever, lethargy, anorexia, rarely neurological issues

anaplasmosis less common clinical signs

cyclic thrombocytopenia (periodic decrease in platelets)

how long do anaplasmosis clinical signs last

1-7 days

anaplasmosis diagnosis

antibody testing (3-4 weeks post infection)

anaplasmosis treatment

antibiotics for 2-4 weeks

anaplasmosis prevention

tick avoidance and prevention

brucellosis

contagious bacterial infection, “reproductive system disease”

brucellosis causative agent

brucella canis

brucellosis susceptibility

dogs

brucellosis transmission

sexually transmission, ingestion, inhalation, mucus membrane/ eye contact

brucellosis clinical signs of male dogs

epididymitis, enlarged scrotum of testicle, skin rash, infertility, atrophy of testicle

brucellosis clinical signs of female dogs

infects uterus, infertility, abortion in late stages of infection (45-55 days into 63 day gestation period), stillborn puppies, vaginal discharge

brucellosis diagnosis

blood test, antibody test (after 3-4 weeks), screenings

brucellosis treatment

antibiotics, no treatment is completely effective

brucellosis prevention

regular testing of breeding animals, quarantine new dogs

brucellosis zoonosis

people can get it but is uncommon, wear gloves, wash hands

feline chlamydia

primarily a conjunctival infection in cats

feline chlamydia general info

gram negative, intracellular pathogen, coccobacillus

feline chlamydia causative agent

chlamydophila felis

feline chlamydia susceptibility

primarily domestic cats

feline chlamydia transmission

direct contact, little risk of fomite transmission, kittens infected by queen

feline chlamydia clinical signs

conjunctivitis, yellow watery ocular discharge, mild sneezing nasal discharge, ± mild fever, ± lethargy

feline chlamydia clinical signs last for how long

2-3 weeks

feline chlamydia diagnosis

hard to differentiate chlamydia, herpes, calicivirus, PCR test

feline chlamydia treatment

oral antibiotics, topical ocular antibiotics, minimum 4 week treatment for each antibody

feline chlamydia prevention

vaccine, especially in catteries and shelters

feline chlamydia prevention

low potential, conjunctivitis or respiratory problems, most humans are asymptomatic

feline hemotrophic mycoplasmosis (FHM)

Gram negative bacteria that infect surfaces of cat’s red blood cells  

feline hemotrophic mycoplasmosis causative agent

mycoplasma haemofelis

feline hemotrophic mycoplasmosis susceptibility

felines, domestic and wild

feline hemotrophic mycoplasmosis transmission

biting, blood sucking parasites, queen to kitten transmission can occur, blood transfusions

feline hemotrophic mycoplasmosis clinical signs

symptomatic anemia when RBCs destroyed, pale mucous membranes, ± jaundice, weakness, fatigue, weight loss, enlargement of spleen or lymph nodes, rapid heart rate and breathing

feline hemotrophic mycoplasmosis diagnosis

anemia diagnosed through bloodwork, observation of organism on RBCs, PCR assay

feline hemotrophic mycoplasmosis treatment

antibiotics, ± steroids, blood transfusions for anemia, difficult to completely eliminate infection

feline hemotrophic mycoplasmosis prevention

prevent flea infestations, reduction of inter-cat aggression, screening of cats before blood donations/transfusions

feline hemotrophic mycoplasmosis zoonosis

not considered zoonotic, but has potential in immunocompromised people

rocky mountain spotted fever general info

gram negative

rocky mountain spotted fever causative agent

rickettsia rickettssi

rocky mountain spotted fever susceptibility

dogs and humans

rocky mountain spotted fever transmission

american dog tick and rocky mountain wood tick; some instances of brown dog tick

rocky mountain spotted fever early clinical signs

fever, loss of appetite, enlarged lymph nodes, vomiting, diarrhea, joint pain, swelling in face and extremities

rocky mountain spotted fever severe clinical signs

unraised purple-red spots on eyelids or mouth, nervous system symptoms

petechiae

bleeding under the skin

rocky mountain spotted fever treatment

antibody test, antibiotics, supportive care for bleeding and dehydration

rocky mountain spotted fever prognosis

1-10% death rate in dogs

rocky mountain spotted fever prevention

tick avoidance and prevention

rocky mountain spotted fever zoonosis

only transmitted through ticks; tick blood can transmit disease through broken skin or eyes

transduction

R plasmid can be transferred to multiple bacteria

MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration)

the minimum amount of an antibody needed to kill a bacteria

virus

submicroscopic infectious agents

virion

A virus that is completely assembled, capable of infection

inner nucleic acid core

DNA or RNA

outer casing of protein

capsid

envelope

optional extra layer

replication cycle

Attachment: attach to the surface of host cell

Entry: moves across cell membrane

Uncoating: viral capsid partially or completely degraded and viral genome is exposed

Replication: viral genome hijacks part of the cell and replicates

Assembly: basic structure of virus particle formed; components come together in cell

Maturation: virus particles mature to become infectious

Release: infectious cell breaks open, virus released

canine parvovirus

highly contagious infectious GI tract illness, nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA virus

canine parvovirus susceptibility

young, unvaccinated, stress on immune system, certain breeds more susceptible

canine parvovirus transmission

oral or nasal contact with contaminated feces and fomites

parvo targets where

SI epithelium

parvo clinical signs

lethargy, fever, anorexia, vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea (vom + dia happen 24-48 hours post infection)

parvo physical exam findings

depression, dehydration, fever, fluid filled intestinal loops, abdominal pain

parvo severe infections

collapse, prolonged capillary refill time, poor pulse quality, tachycardia, hypothermia (signs of sepsis)

parvo diagnosis

decrease in WBC, ELISA test, fecal parvoviral antigen test, PCR, electron microscopy, virus isolation

parvo treatment

isolate, often intensive hospitalization, IV fluids, control nausea with meds, feeding tubes if necessary, antibiotics

new treatment for parvo

monoclonal antibody treatment

monoclonal antibody treatment def

these antibodies bind with the virus before the host cell can; limits replication

parvo prognosis outpatient

subcutaneous fluids TD; anti- nausea medication (cerenia), antibodies, fecal microbiota transplant

parvo control

strict isolation procedures, PPE, vaccinate dogs at 6-8 weeks, 10-12 weeks, 14-16 weeks, 1 year booster then every 3 years

canine distemper virus

systemic; it infects multiple different areas

canine distemper virus gen info

fragile, enveloped, single strand RNA virus

paramyxovirus

around areas of mucus; respiratory virus

distemper susceptibility

domestic dogs, wild canids, foxes, wolves, ferrets, minks, skunks, badgers, otters, raccoons, red panda, bear, asian elephants, japanese monkeys, large cats

domestic dogs are “natural reservoirs” for distemper, which means..

they provide a source for the virus

distemper transmission

aerosol droplet secretions, can shed virus for months

distemper clinical signs

transient fever 3-6 days after infection, nasal and ocular discharge, lethargy anorexia, GI and respiratory signs, reproductive issues, enamel hypoplasia, encephalomyelitis, hard pad disease

distemper physical exam findings

nasal/ ocular discharge, fever, lethargy, anorexia, respiratory issues, GI signs, neurological issues

distemper diagnosis

clinical signs, PCR testing, antibody testing, post mortem testing through tissues

distemper treatment

no cure, antibiotics, IV fluids, treatment for fever, pain, and seizures

distemper prevention/control

vaccinate at 6-8 weeks, 3-4 wek intervals until 16 weeks of age; repeat at 1 year, then every 3 years after; PPE, isolation

canine infectious hepatitis

canine adenovirus type 1

canine adenovirus type 1 susceptibility

canines, foxes, wolves, coyotes, bears, lynx, some pinnipeds (sea lions and seals)

canine adenovirus transmission

fomite, direct contact, ingestion of urine, feces or saliva of infected dogs

adenovirus incubation period

4-9 days