lesson 10 - the atmosphere and air pollution

kin-fai ho 20/11

WHO reported that air pollution causes around _____ million premature deaths globally. 54% from ______ air pollution and 46% from _______ air pollution

7, ambient, indoor

what is air pollution? the presence of any _________ substances (chemicals, materials) in the atmosphere, resulting from man-made activities or from natural processes, which results in the ________ of air quality

unwanted, degradation

what are meteorological factors? these are important issue for the ____________ of air pollutants. as air pollutants are emitted from the source and then pass through the air, the __________ of the atmosphere is the major concern in transporting them 

transportation, condition

the four meteorological factors - those concerning atmosphere conditions":

1. _______ speed and direction 

2. __________

3. atmospheric _________

4. inversions

wind, turbulence, stability 

what is the environmental pathway?
source → emission → __________ → dose → __________

exposure, effect

what are the two types of air pollution?

indoor, and ambient

what are some outdoor sources of air pollution? carbon dioxide, ozone, ________ (trees, grass, weeds), organic _________ (pesticides), lead pb and manganese (cars)

pollens, substances 

what are some indoor sources of air pollution? radon (building), formaldehyde, _________ (insulation material), tobacco ________, aerosol, allergens

asbestos, smoke

water ________ and reactivity are two important properties that determine the gaseous pollutants’ health effects

solubility

what is solubility? it determiens the __________ of a gas to penetrate deeply in the _________ tract 

efficiency, respiratory

if a gas is very reactive, it tends to have their major effects on the ________ rather than the alveoli, even if it may be insoluble. they may irritate the walls of the airway and cause bronchitis or induce asthmatic attacks

airways

what are volatile organic compounds? (VOCs) they are organic compounds that easily become _________

vapors

what are the two sources of VOCs? ________ derived VOCs from plants and _____________ VOCs from cars, paint solvents, etc 

biologically, human-made

particles as carriers, they can carry toxic substances into the lung by ___________ (dissolved in) or _________ (stuck to surface). small particles make it deeper into the lungs

absorption, adsorption

what is viable bioaerosol? it is metabolically _________ with the potential to ___________. only viable bioaerosol can be infectious or cause disease

alive, reproduce

what is nonviable bioaerosol? originates from _______ organisms but are not currently alive and cannot mulitply. can cause _________ or toxic reations 

living, allergies

what is the ozone dilemma? too _______ in the stratosphere, too ________ in the troposphere

little, much

what are two epidemiology research methods? time _______ studies for __________ effects and geographical comparisons for _________ effects

series, acute, chronic

what is the time-series study of air pollution and health? it assesses the effects of _______-term changes in air pollution on acute health effects by estimating ________ btw day-to-day variations in both air pollution and in mortality and morbidity counts 

short, associations 

in the time-series study of air pollution and health, short term effects from time-series studies are estimated by using _________ models where the concentration of PM is included in the model lagged for 0 to a few days

regression

time-series studies are ecological (exposure defined at group level) because the unit of analysis is the area usually an entire city. risk factors do _____ change over short durations of time, utilizes the _____________- as its own control

not, population

studying chronic health effects requires a design in which pollution exposure and outcome are assessed over the _________ term

long

the basic comparison in studying chronic effects is btw populations of different __________ areas rather than of the _______ populations over short periods of time.

geographical, same

what are the three major facets of air quality management?

1. air quality ___________ to provide necessary knowledge of current air quality

2. air quality _________ as benchmarks of acceptability against which the monitoring data may be judged

3. control ________ design and implementation as the means to comply with the air quality

monitoring, standards, policy

of the 6 pollutants, PM pollution and ground-level _________ are the most widespread health threats. we call these 6 pollutants “criteria air pollutants” because we regulate them by developing criteria for setting permissible __________

ozone, levels

what is an air quality standard? a concentration of an air pollutant below which ________ effects on human health are expected to be zero or negligibly small at a population level

adverse

air quality standards are necessary considering:

1. the great air pollution __________

2. epidemiology ______ on human health

3. air ______ toxicology studies

4. modeling predictions for climate ________

disasters, data, pollutant, change

there are ______ universally agreed distinction between the terms standards, guidelines, and objectives. __________ are usually short-term policy objectives to be met on the way to long-term compliance with the standard 

no, objectives 

what is a guideline? defined as any kind of recommendation or _________ on the protection of ______ beings or receptors in the environment from __________ effects of air pollutants

guidance, human, adverse

what is a guideline value? a particular form of guideline. it has a __________ value expressed either as a ___________ in ambient air or as a deposition level, which is linked to an averaging time

numerical, concentration

standard is considered to be the __________ of an air pollutant 

level 

what is AQHI calculation? the AQHI of the current hour is calculated from the ________ of the percentage excess risk of daily __________ admissions attributable to the 3-hour moving average concentrations of four criteria air pollutants: ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, particulate matter.

the AQHIs are reported on a scale of 1 to ______ and 10+ and are grouped into _______ health risk categories

sum, hospital, 10, five

in incense burning, particles emitted from incense burning are subject to air pollution contribution, some temples dispense “_____________ friendly” incense tackle air pollution

environmentally

what is oxidative stress? disturbance of prooxidant-antioxidant balance leading to potential biomolecular _________

damage